Washington State Constitution

The Washington State Constitution is the founding document of our state. It explains the government's structure and powers, as well as the people's rights.

Adoption date

October 1, 1889

Documents

Washington State Constitution (PDF 1.85 Megabytes)

Preface

This Constitution was framed by a convention of seventy-five delegates, chosen by the people of the Territory of Washington at an election held May 14, 1889, under section 3 of the Enabling Act. The convention met at Olympia on the fourth day of July, 1889, and adjourned on the twenty-second day of August, 1889. The Constitution was ratified by the people at an election held on October 1, 1889, and on November 11, 1889, in accordance with section 8 of the Enabling Act, the president of the United States proclaimed the admission of the State of Washington into the Union.

Sections

Expand all sections

INDEX TO THE STATE CONSTITUTION.

Index.

Art.

	Art.	Sec.
Absconding debtors
Imprisonment	1	17

Absence
Of citizen not affecting residence, for purpose of voting and eligibility to office	6	4
Of judicial officer	4	8

Acceptance
Of certain federal or foreign offices vacates seat in legislature	2	14

Accused
Rights in criminal prosecutions	1	22
Rights of, on removal from office by legislature	4	9

Actions
Against the state	2	26
By and against corporations	12	5
Not affected by change in government	27	1
Transfer from territorial to state court	27	5,8,10

Acts
Effective date (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
Effective date	2	1,41
Enacting clause	2	18
Not to be amended unless set forth in full	2	37
Presentation to governor necessary	3	12
When effective without approval	3	12
Veto, passage over	3	12
(See Bill; Laws; Statutes; Veto)

Adjournment of legislature
For want of quorum	2	8
Governmental continuity during emergency periods	2	42
Restrictions	2	11

Adoption of children
By special act forbidden	2	28(16)

Au valorem tax
Authority to levy on mines and reforested lands	7	1

Advances of money or fees
Prohibited to secure rights of accused	1	22

Advice and consent of senate
Required for appointment of officers of state institutions	1	31

Affirmation
Mode of administering	1	6

Age
Of voter	6	1

Agricultural lands
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Agriculture
Bureau of, established	2	34
Commodity assessments	8	11
Development and trade promotion, funds for	8	11

Alienation of franchise
Corporate liabilities not relieved by	12	8

Aliens
Corporation alien (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33
Naturalization of, by superior court	4	6
Ownership of lands prohibited, exceptions (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33

Amendment to bills
Act or section amended to be set forth in full	2	37
Either house may amend bills of the other	2	20
Initiative measure, prohibition against amendment of	2	41
Scope and object not to be changed	2	38

Amendment to municipal charter
By special act forbidden	2	28(8)
How proposed, submitted and adopted	11	10

Amendment to Constitution
By convention	23	2
Proposal for, may originate in either house	23	1
Publication of notice of election	23	1
Ratification by electors	23	1
Revised Constitution, adoption by people	23	3
Separate amendments to be separately voted on	23	1
Vote proposing amendment or revision, two-thirds of each house necessary	23	1,2

Amendments to Constitution: Ratified
(1) In order of amendments:

Amendment
No. 1 to art	16 sec	5
No. 2 to art	6 sec	1
No. 3 to art	7 sec	2
No. 4 to art	1 sec	11
No. 5 to art	6 sec	1
	6 sec	2 (deleted)
No. 6 to art	3 sec	10
No. 7 to art	2 sec	1
	2 sec	31 (deleted)
No. 8 to art	1 sec	33 (added)
	1 sec	34 (added)
No. 9 to art	1 sec	16
No. 10 to art	1 sec	22
No. 11 to art	8 sec	4
No. 12 to art	11 sec	5
No. 13 to art	2 sec	15
No. 14 to art	7 sec	1
	7 sec	2,3,4 (deleted)
No. 15 to art	15 sec	1
No. 16 to art	12 sec	11
No. 17 to art	7 sec	2
No. 18 to art	2 sec	40 (added)
No. 19 to art	7 sec	3 (new)
No. 20 to art	2 sec	23 (part repeal)
	3 sec	14, 16, 17, 19,20,21,22 (part repeal)
	28 sec	1 (added)
No. 21 to art	11 sec	4
No. 22 to art	11 sec	7 (repealed)
No. 23 to art	11 sec	16 (added)
No. 24 to art	2 sec	33
No. 25 to art	4 sec	3(a) (added)
No. 26 to art	2 sec	1(c) (superseded)
	sec	41 (added)
No. 27 to art	8 sec	6
No. 28 to art	4 sec	6
	4 sec	10
No. 29 to art	2 sec	33
No. 30 to art	2 sec	1(a) (added)
No. 31 to art	3 sec	25
No. 32 to art	2 sec	15
No. 33 to art	24 sec	1
No. 34 to art	1 sec	11
No. 35 to art	2 sec	25
No. 36 to art	2 sec	1(e) (added)
No. 37 to art	23 sec	1
No. 38 to art	4 sec	2(a) (added)
No. 39 to art	2 sec	42 (added)
No. 40 to art	11 sec	10
No. 41 to art	4 sec	29 (added)
No. 42 to art	2 sec	33 (repealed)
No. 43 to art	9 sec	3
No. 44 to art	16 sec	5
No. 45 to art	8 sec	8 (added)
No. 46 to art	6 sec	1A (added)
No. 47 to art	7 sec	10 (added)
No. 48 to art	8 sec	3
No. 49 to art	29 sec	1 (added)
No. 50 to art	4 sec	30 (added)
No. 51 to art	8 sec	9 (added)
No. 52 to art	2 sec	15
	11 sec	6
No. 53 to art	7 sec	11 (added)
No. 54 to art	2 sec	25 (part repeal)
	3 sec	25 (part repeal)
	4 sec	13 (part repeal)
	11 sec	8 (part repeal)
	28 sec	1 (part repeal)
	30 sec	1 (added)
No. 55 to art	7 sec	2
No. 56 to art	2 sec	24
No. 57 to art	11 sec	5
	11 sec	8
No. 58 to art	11 sec	16
No. 59 to art	7 sec	2
No. 60 to art	8 sec	1
	8 sec	3
No. 61 to art	31 sec	1 (added)
	31 sec	2 (added)
No. 62 to art	3 sec	12
No. 63 to art	6 sec	1
No. 64 to art	7 sec	2
No. 65 to art	4 sec	6
	4 sec	10
No. 66 to art	12 sec	18
No. 67 to art	12 sec	14 (repealed)
No. 68 to art	2 sec	12
No. 69 to art	2 sec	13
No. 70 to art	8 sec	10 (added)
No. 71 to art	4 sec	31 (added)
No. 72 to art	2 sec	1
	2 sec	1(a) (stricken)
No. 73 to art	32 sec	1 (added)
No. 74 to art	2 sec	3 (repealed)
	2 sec	43 (added)
	27 sec	13 (repealed)
No. 75 to art	29 sec	1
No. 76 to art	8 sec	11 (added)
No. 77 to art	4 sec	31
No. 78 to art	28 sec	1
No. 79 to art	7 sec	2
No. 80 to art	4 sec	7
No. 81 to art	7 sec	1
No. 82 to art	8 sec	10
No. 83 to art	6 sec	3
	13 sec	1
No. 84 to art	1 sec	35 (added)
No. 85 to art	4 sec	31
No. 86 to art	8 sec	10
No. 87 to art	4 sec	6
No. 88 to art	1 sec	11
No. 89 to art	4 sec	3
No. 90 to art	7 sec	2
No. 91 to art	8 sec	10
No. 92 to art	8 sec	1
No. 93 to art	29 sec	1
No. 94 to art	4 sec	7
No. 95 to art	7 sec	2
No. 96 to art	2 sec	15
No. 97 to art	4 sec	31
No. 98 to art	7 sec	1
No. 99 to art	7 sec	12 (added)
No. 100 to art	2 sec	29
No. 101 to art	7 sec	2
No. 102 to art	16 sec	6
No. 103 to art	8 sec	1
No. 104 to art	1 sec	20
No. 105 to art	6 sec	1A (repealed)
No. 106 to art	7 sec	12
No. 107 to art	8 sec	1
No. 108 to art	2 sec	43
No. 109 to art	2 sec	42

(2) In order of articles and sections affected:

Art 1	sec 11—Amendment	No.	4
	sec 11—Amendment	No.	34
	sec 11—Amendment	No.	88
	sec 16—Amendment	No.	9
	sec 20—Amendment	No.	104
	sec 22—Amendment	No.	10
	sec 33—(added)	No.	8
	sec 34—(added)	No.	8
	sec 35—(added)	No.	84
Art 2	sec 1—Amendment	No.	7
	sec 1(e)—(added)	No.	36
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	72
	sec 1(a)—(added)	No.	30
	sec 1(a)—(stricken)	No.	72
	sec 3—(repealed)	No.	74
	sec 11(c)—(supersed.)	No.	26
	sec 12—Amendment	No.	68
	sec 13—Amendment	No.	69
	sec 15—Amendment	No.	13
	sec 15—Amendment	No.	32
	sec 15—Amendment	No.	52
	sec 15—Amendment	No.	96
	sec 23—(part rep.)	No.	20
	sec 24—Amendment	No.	56
	sec 25—Amendment	No.	35
	sec 25—(part rep.)	No.	54
	sec 29—Amendment	No.	100
	sec 31—(deleted)	No.	7
	sec 33—Amendment	No.	24
	sec 33—Amendment	No.	29
	sec 33—(repealed)	No.	42
	sec 40—(added)	No.	18
	sec 41—(added)	No.	26
	sec 42—(added)	No.	39
	sec 42—Amendment	No.	109
	sec 43—(added)	No.	74
	sec 43—Amendment	No.	108
Art 3	sec 10—Amendment	No.	6
	sec 12—Amendment	No.	62
	sec 14
	sec 16
	sec 17
	sec 19 —Amendment	No.	20
	sec 20 (part rep.)
	sec 21
	sec 22
	sec 25—Amendment	No.	31
	sec 25—(part rep.)	No.	54
Art 4	sec 2(a)—(added)	No.	38
	sec 3—Amendment	No.	89
	sec 3(a)—(added)	No.	25
	sec 6—Amendment	No.	28
	sec 6—Amendment	No.	65
	sec 6—Amendment	No.	87
	sec 7—Amendment	No.	80
	sec 7—Amendment	No.	94
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	28
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	65
	sec 13—(part rep.)	No.	54
	sec 29—(added)	No.	41
	sec 30—(added)	No.	50
	sec 31—(added)	No.	71
	sec 31—Amendment	No.	77
	sec 31—Amendment	No.	85
	sec 31—Amendment	No.	97
Art 6	sec 1—Amendment	No.	2
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	5
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	63
	sec 1A—(added)	No.	46
	sec 1A—(repealed)	No.	105
	sec 2—(deleted)	No.	5
	sec 3—Amendment	No.	83
Art 7	sec 1—Amendment	No.	14
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	81
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	98
	sec 2—(original)	No.	3
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	17
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	55
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	59
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	64
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	79
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	90
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	95
	sec 2—Amendment	No.	101
	sec 3—(new)	No.	19
	sec 10—(added)	No.	47
	sec 11—(added)	No.	53
	sec 12—(added)	No.	99
	sec 12—Amendment	No.	106
Art 8	sec 1—Amendment	No.	60
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	92
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	103
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	107
	sec 3—Amendment	No.	48
	sec 3—Amendment	No.	60
	sec 4—Amendment	No.	11
	sec 6—Amendment	No.	27
	sec 8—(added)	No.	45
	sec 9—(added)	No.	51
	sec 10—(added)	No.	70
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	82
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	86
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	91
	sec 11—(added)	No.	76
Art 9	sec 3—Amendment	No.	43
Art 11	sec 4—Amendment	No.	21
	sec 5—Amendment	No.	12
	sec 5—Amendment	No.	57
	sec 6—Amendment	No.	52
	sec 7—(repealed)	No.	22
	sec 8—(part rep.)	No.	54
	sec 8—Amendment	No.	57
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	40
	sec 10—Amendment	No.	91
	sec 16—(added)	No.	23
	sec 16—Amendment	No.	58
Art 12	sec 11—Amendment	No.	16
	sec 14—(repealed)	No.	67
	sec 18—Amendment	No.	66
Art 13	sec 1—Amendment	No.	83
Art 15	sec 1—Amendment	No.	15
Art 16	sec 5—Amendment	No.	1
	sec 5—Amendment	No.	44
	sec 6—(added)	No.	102
Art 23	sec 1—Amendment	No.	37
Art 24	sec 1—Amendment	No.	33
Art 27	sec 13—(repealed)	No.	74
Art 28	sec 1—(added)	No.	20
	sec 1—(part rep.)	No.	54
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	78
Art 29	sec 1—(added)	No.	49
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	75
	sec 1—Amendment	No.	93
Art 30	sec 1—(added)	No.	54
Art 31	sec 1—(added)	No.	61
	sec 2—(added)	No.	61
Art 32	sec 1—(added)	No.	73

(3) Amendments amended or repealed:

Amendment 1 amended by Amendment 44

Amendment 2 amended by Amendment 5

Amendment 4 amended by Amendments 34 and 88

Amendment 5 amended by Amendment 63

Amendment 7 amended by Amendments 26, 30, 36, and 72

Amendment 12 amended by Amendment 57

Amendment 13 amended by Amendments 32, 52, and 96

Amendment 14 amended by Amendments 81 and 98

Amendment 17 amended by Amendments 55, 59, 64, 79, 90, 95, and 101

Amendment 20 part rep. by Amendment 54

amended by Amendment 78

Amendment 23 amended by Amendment 58

Amendment 24 repealed by Amendment 42

Amendment 28 amended by Amendments 65 and 87

Amendment 29 repealed by Amendment 42

Amendment 30 stricken by Amendment 72

Amendment 31 part rep. by Amendment 54

Amendment 32 amended by Amendments 52 and 96

Amendment 34 amended by Amendment 88

Amendment 35 part rep. by Amendment 54

Amendment 39 amended by Amendment 109

Amendment 46 repealed by Amendment 105

Amendment 48 amended by Amendment 60

Amendment 49 amended by Amendments 75 and 93

Amendment 52 amended by Amendment 96

Amendment 55 amended by Amendments 59, 64, 79, 90, 95, and 101

Amendment 59 amended by Amendments 64, 79, 90, 95, and 101

Amendment 60 amended by Amendments 92, 103, and 107

Amendment 64 amended by Amendments 79, 90, 95, and 101

Amendment 70 amended by Amendments 82, 86, and 91

Amendment 71 amended by Amendments 77 and 85

Amendment 74 amended by Amendment 108

Amendment 75 amended by Amendment 93

Amendment 77 amended by Amendment 85

Amendment 79 amended by Amendments 90, 95, and 101

Amendment 80 amended by Amendment 94

Amendment 81 amended by Amendment 98

Amendment 82 amended by Amendment 86

Amendment 86 amended by Amendment 91

Amendment 90 amended by Amendments 95 and 101

Amendment 92 amended by Amendments 103 and 107

Amendment 99 amended by Amendment 106

Amendment 103 amended by Amendment 107

Art.		Sec.
Amount in controversy
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Annual sessions of legislature	2	12

Annulment of marriage
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
(See Divorce)

Appeal
Right of accused in criminal cases	1	22
(See Appellate jurisdiction)

Appearance
Appearance of accused in criminal cases	1	22

Appellate jurisdiction
Of court of appeals	4	30
Of superior court	4	6
From territorial probate courts	27	10
Of supreme court	4	4

Appointment
Of clerk of supreme court	4	22
Of regents of state institutions	13	1
Of reporter of supreme court	4	18
To fill vacancy in county offices	11	6
To fill vacancy in state offices, by governor	3	13
Governmental continuity during emergency periods	2	42
To office under United States vacates seat in legislature	2	14

Apportionment
Of legislators	2	43
Of representatives among counties of state	22	2
Of school fund	9	3
Of school fund, by special act, prohibited	2	28(7)
Of senators among counties of state	22	1

Appropriation of private property
For public or private use	1	16
For right-of-way of corporations	1	16
(See Eminent domain)

Appropriations
Capitol buildings, for	14	3
Common school fund, to	9	3
Expenses of constitutional convention	27	19
Item veto of	3	12
Money from state treasury shall be paid out by	8	4
Religious worship, prohibition against appropriation for	1	11
Reverts unless paid out within two years	8	4
Sum and object to be specified	8	4
Time for payment, limitation of	8	4
When act providing for, to take effect (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31

Area reserved
Between harbor lines and line of high tide	15	1
Lease of, by state for wharves	15	2
Sale of, restrictions on	15	1
Streets over, authorized	15	3
(See Harbors; Navigable waters; Wharves)

Arms
Private armed bodies not authorized	1	24
Right of people to bear arms guaranteed	1	24
Safekeeping of public arms to be provided	10	4
Scruples against bearing arms, excuses from militia duty in time of peace	10	6

Army
Standing, not to be kept in time of peace	1	31
(See Militia)

Arrest
Legislators, when privileged from	2	16
Militia, when privileged from	10	5
Voters privileged from at elections, except	6	5

Artificial light
City or town may contract debt for, limitations	8	6

Assemblages of people
Right of peaceable assembly not to be abridged	1	4

Assessment
Imposition by special act prohibited	2	28(5)
Jurisdiction of superior court, original	4	6
Jurisdiction of supreme court, appellate	4	4
Property of corporations, how assessed (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	3
Retired persons, property tax exemption	7	10
Special, for local improvements, authorized	7	9
Taxation based on special use	7	11
Uniform and equal rate of, to be established (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	2
(See Taxation)

Assignment
Of superior judges and judicial business by supreme court	4	2(a)
Of superior judges by governor	4	5

Association
Combination in restraint of trade prohibited	12	22
Included in term "corporation"	12	5
Issuance of money by, prohibited	12	11
Organization authorized, for construction of telegraph and telephone lines	12	19

Assumption
Of territorial debts by state	26	3

Attack (See Invasion and attack)

Attainder
Bills of, prohibited	1	23

Attestation
Of commissions, by secretary of state	3	15

Attorney general
Duties	3	21
Election of	3	1
Impeachment, liability to	5	2
Records of office, to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Removal from office by legislature	4	9
Rights of accused	4	9
Salary (See Salaries)
Succession to governorship	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Attorneys at law
Accused in criminal cases entitled to appear by counsel	1	22
Prosecuting attorney, duty of legislature to provide for election of	11	5

Auditor
Duties	3	20
Election of	3	1
Impeachment, liability to	5	2
Office may be abolished by legislature	3	25
Records to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Residence at seat of government required	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Succession to governorship	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Ayes and noes
When to be taken and entered on journal
On amendments to Constitution proposed	23	1
On demand of one-sixth of members of either house	2	21
On emergency clauses (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
On final passage of bills	2	22
On removal of public officer by legislature	4	9
On senate's confirmation or rejection of governor's appointees	13	1
On suspension of the prohibition against introduction of bills	2	36
(See Yeas and nays)

Bail
Allowable on sufficient sureties, exceptions	1	20
Excessive, not to be required	1	14

Ballot
Elections to be by	6	6
Form of, in voting for Constitution, etc.	27	18
Initiative measures, ballot submitting	2	1
Presidential, casting	6	1(A)
Secrecy of, provision to be made for	6	6
Superior court judge, election for	4	29

Banking corporations
Stockholder liability	12	11
Officers of, when liable for deposits	12	12

Banks
Liability of officers for deposits	12	12
Liability of stockholders	12	11

Beds and shores of navigable waters
Disclaimer of title by state where patented, exception	17	2
Ownership of, asserted by state	17	1

Bill
Act or section amended must be set forth in full	2	37
Amendment of, may be made by either house	2	20
Amendment of, shall not change scope and object	2	38
Effective date (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
Effective date	2	l,41
Either house may originate bills	2	20
Enacting clause required	2	18
Final passage, requisites of	2	22
Initiative measures (See Initiative and referendum)
Introduction of, limitation on time of	2	36
Laws to be enacted by	2	18
Passage by either house, requisite proceedings	2	22
Passage by one house, subject to amendment in other	2	20
Passage over governor's veto	3	12
Power of people to propose, pass, etc.	2	1
Presentation to governor for approval	3	12
When becomes law without approval	3	12
Scope of, not to be changed by amendment	2	38
Signature by presiding officers of both houses necessary	2	32
Subject restricted to one object	2	19
Subject to be expressed in title	2	19
Title of, to express subject	2	19
Veto of, power of governor	3	12
Initiative or referred measures	2	1
Separate items or sections subject to	3	12
Session, extraordinary, to reconsider	3	12
Vote on, by interested legislators prohibited	2	30
Vote on, how taken	2	22
(See Acts; Laws)

Bill of attainder
Enactment of, prohibited	1	23

Boats
Jurisdiction of public offense committed on	1	22

Bonds
Corporations can issue only for money, labor or property received	12	6
County and municipal corporations not to own bonds of private corporations	8	7
Debt limitation	8	1
Executed to territory to pass to state	27	4
Industrial development projects financing	32	1
Investment of school funds in	9	3
	16	5
Nonrecourse revenue bonds by governmental entities	32	1
State building authority, by	8	9
Limitation	8	1(g)

Boundaries
Of county, change by division or enlargement	11	3
Of county, change by special legislation prohibited, exceptions	2	28(18)
Of existing counties recognized	11	1
Of state, defined	24	1

Bribery
Criminating evidence compulsory	2	30
Disqualifies for holding office	2	30
Legislature to define and provide punishment for	2	30

Buildings, public
State building authority	8	9

Bureau of statistics, agriculture and immigration
Legislature to provide for	2	34

Bureau of vital statistics
Legislature to establish	20	1

Canal companies
Common carriers, subject to legislative control	12	13
Discrimination in charges prohibited	12	15

Capital offenses
Bailable, when	1	20
(See Crime)

Capital of state (See Seat of government)

Capitol buildings
Appropriations for	14	3

Caste
Discrimination in education on account of, prohibited	9	1

Causes
Transfer from territorial to state courts	27	5,8,10
(See Actions)

Census
Apportionments of legislative members based on federal census	2	43
Enumeration to be made in decennial periods (Repealed by Amendment 74)	2	3

Certiorari
Jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4

Cession of jurisdiction
Exclusive legislation over certain lands given to United States	25	1
Retention by state of jurisdiction for service of process	25	1

Change of name
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(1)

Changing county lines
Special legislation prohibited, except	2	28(18)

Changing county seats
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(18)

Chaplain
For state correctional, mental institutions, county or public health district health care	1	11

Charter
Corporate
Creation by special legislation forbidden	12	1
Extension of, by legislature prohibited	12	3
Forfeiture of, not to be remitted	12	3
Void for want of organization, when	12	2
Municipal
Creation or amendment by special law, prohibited	2	28(8)
Election for, how conducted	11	10
Grant of, to be under general laws	11	10
How amended	11	10
Power of certain cities to frame	11	10
Publication, prior to submission	11	10
Subject to general laws	11	10
Submission of alternate propositions	11	10

Chief justice of supreme court
Method of determining	4	3
Presides on trial of impeachments, when	5	1

Children
Adoption of, by special act, forbidden	2	28(16)
Duty of state to educate all	9	1
(See Minors)

Citizens
All entitled to equal privileges and immunities	1	12
Citizenship qualification for voters	6	1
Voter qualifications, presidential elections	6	1A

City
Bonds, nonrecourse revenue for industrial development projects	32	1
Charter
Alternative propositions, submission of	11	10
Amendment by special law prohibited	2	28(8)
Amendments of, how effected	11	10
Election of freeholders	11	10
Freeholder's charter, what cities may frame	11	10
Publication of election notices and of proposed charter	11	10
Submission of the charter proposed	11	10
Vote on, majority necessary to ratify	11	10
Combined city-county	11	16
Corporate stock or bonds, not to be owned by	8	7
Creation by special act prohibited	2	28(8)
Credit of, not to be loaned, except	8	7
Incorporation of, must be under general laws	11	10
Indebtedness, limitations on	8	6
Justice of peace in, legislature to prescribe powers, duties, jurisdiction and number	4	10
May act as police justice	4	10
Salary of, in cities of over 5,000	4	10
Local improvements by special assessment or taxation	7	9
Officers of
Compensation increase	30	1
Must deposit public moneys with treasurer	11	15
Recall of officers (See Recall of officers)
Salary not to be changed during term
(Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	11	8
(Amendment 54)	30	1
Term of office not to be extended	11	8
Use of public money by, a felony	11	14
Police and sanitary regulations may be enforced	11	11
Police justice, justice of peace may act as	4	10
Reincorporation under general laws permitted to cities under special charter	11	10
Taxation
Authorized to assess and collect general	7	9
Local improvements	7	9
Local taxes not to be imposed by legislature	11	12
Power to assess and collect rests in city	11	12
Uniformity in respect to persons and property required	7	9
(See Municipal corporation; Municipal courts; Municipal fine)

Civil actions
Limitation by special act prohibited	2	28(17)
Number of jurors in	1	21
Number of jurors necessary for verdict	1	21
Parties may waive jury	1	21
(See Actions)

Civil power
Elections to be free from interference by	1	19
Governmental continuity during emergency periods	2	42
Military subordinate to	1	18

Classification
Of cities and towns in proportion to population	11	10
Of counties	11	5
Of judges of supreme court by lot	4	3

Clerk
Of county, providing for election of	11	5
Of superior court, county clerk is	4	26
Of supreme court	4	22

Collection of taxes
Time not to be extended by special laws	2	28(5)
(See Taxation)

Color
Discrimination in education on account of, prohibited	9	1

Combinations
To affect prices, production, or transportation of commodities, prohibited	12	22
(See Monopolies)

Combined city-county	11	16

Commander-in-chief
Governor to be, when militia in state service	3	8
(See Militia)

Comment on facts
Judge not to make, in charging jury	4	16

Commission
To establish harbor lines	15	1
To regulate railroad and transportation lines	12	18
To set salaries, authorized	28	1

Commission on judicial conduct	4	31

Commissioner of public lands
Duties of, to be prescribed by legislature	3	23
Election of	3	1
Office may be abolished by legislature	3	25
Records of, to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Succession to governorship	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Commissioners
Appointment of for state institutions	13	1

Commissions
Issuance of	3	15

Committees of legislature	2	12

Commodities
Agricultural commodity commission assessments	8	11

Common carriers
Canal companies are	12	13
Discrimination in charges or service prohibited	12	15
Maximum rate of charges, legislature may regulate	12	18
Railroad companies are	12	13
Regulation of, by commission, authorized	12	18
Subject to legislative control	12	13
Telegraph and telephone companies are	12	19
Transportation companies are	12	13
(See Canal, Railroad, Transportation, Telegraph and telephone companies)

Common school construction fund established	9	3

Common school fund
Enlargement of	9	3
Income from, to be applied to common schools	9	2
Interest to be expended for current expenses	9	3
Investment	16	5
Losses occasioned by default, fraud, etc., to become permanent debt against state	9	5
Principal of, to remain irreducible	9	3
Sources of	9	3
(See School fund)

Common schools
General and uniform system to be established	9	2
Management by special legislation prohibited	2	28(15)
Superintendent of public instruction to supervise	3	22
(See Education; Public schools)

Commutation of sentence
Report by governor to legislature	3	11

Commutation of taxes
Prohibition against state granting	11	9

Commutation tickets
Carrier may grant, at special rates	12	15

Compact with United States
Irrevocable without mutual consent	26	1-4

Compensation
Appropriation of private property	1	16
Attorney general	3	21
Change of, during term of public officer
(Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	2	25
	3	25
	4	13
	11	8
	28	1
(Amendment 54)	30	1
Classification of counties in fixing compensation of officers	11	5
County, township, precinct and district officers (Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	11	5,8
Eminent domain, compensation for property taken in	1	16
Extra, not to be granted to public officers	2	25
For right-of-way for corporations	1	16
Jury to ascertain compensation due	1	16
Judges of court of appeals	4	30
Judges of supreme and superior courts	4	13,14
Jury to ascertain compensation in eminent domain	1	16
Justice of peace in cities of over 5,000	4	10
Member of legislature (Partially repealed by Amendment 20)	2	23
State officers (Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	28	1
Increase during term	30	1
Waiver of jury trial for ascertaining compensation in eminent domain	1	16

Conditions
On foreign corporations doing business	12	7

Confession in open court
Effect in treason	1	27

Confronting witnesses
Right of accused	1	22

Congress
Exclusive power of legislature over lands of
United States in state	25	1
Subject to state's right to serve process	25	1
Indian lands under jurisdiction of	26	2
Legislator elected to, vacates seat	2	14
Member of, ineligible to legislature	2	14
Representatives in, election of	2	43

Congressional districts
Redistricting commission	2	43

Conscience, freedom of
Guaranteed to every individual	1	11

Consent of governed
Source of governmental powers	1	1

Conservation, energy, water, or stormwater or sewer services
Loans of credit	8	10

Consolidation
On competing lines of railroad prohibited	12	16

Constitution
Amendment, how effected	23	1
Election for voting on, how conducted	27	15
Form of ballot	27	18
Emergency, legislature's departure from
Constitution, limited authority	2	42
Existing rights not affected by	27	1
In effect, when	27	16
Mandatory	1	29
Revision	23	2
Submission to people	23	3
United States, supreme law of land	1	2
(See Amendment to Constitution)

Constitutional convention
Expenses of	27	19
To revise or amend Constitution	23	2

Contempt
Each house may punish for	2	9

Contested elections (See Elections)

Continuity of government
During periods of emergency due to enemy attack	2	42

Contracts
Affecting price, production, or transportation, prohibited	12	22
Combination between common carriers prohibited (Repealed by Amendment 67)	12	14
Impairment of obligation prohibited	1	23
State building authority, by	8	9

Conveyance
Jurisdiction of public offense committed on public conveyance	1	22
Of lands to aliens invalid (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33

Conviction
No corruption of blood nor forfeiture of estate	1	15
On impeachment, two-thirds of senators must concur	5	1

Convict labor
Contracts for, prohibited	2	29
Working for benefit of state authorized	2	29

Copartnerships
Combinations affecting price, production or transportation prohibited	12	22

Copies
Right of accused to copy of accusation	1	22

Corporate powers
Not to be granted by special laws	2	28(6)

Corporate property
Appropriation by eminent domain not to be abridged	12	10
Taxation of, power not to be surrendered (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	4

Corporations
Alien, when (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33
Appropriation of right-of-way	1	16
Bonds
Not to be owned by counties or cities	8	7
Restriction on issuance	12	6
Business, may be regulated by law	12	1
Charter
Invalid, if unorganized when Constitution adopted, conditions	12	2
Not to be extended	12	3
Combinations affecting price, production, or transportation prohibited	12	22
Creation by special act prohibited	2	28(6)
Debts, relief by special act prohibited	2	28(10)
Defined	12	5
Eminent domain, property subject to	12	10
Equal privileges and immunities	1	12
Foreign, not to be favored	12	7
Forfeiture of franchise
For unlawful combinations	12	22
Not to be remitted	12	3
Formation, by general and not by special laws	12	1
Franchise
Alienation or lease not to relieve liability	12	8
May be forfeited	12	22
Laws relating to may be amended or repealed	12	1
Legislative control	12	1
Liability
For receipt of bank deposits after insolvency	12	12
Not relieved by alienation or lease of franchise	12	8
Loan of school funds to, prohibited (Amended by Amendment 44)	16	5
Money, issuance prohibited	12	11
Monopolies and trusts forbidden	12	22
State building authority	8	9
State
Not to subscribe to nor own stock	12	9
Not to surrender power to tax (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	4
State credit not to be loaned to	8	5
Stockholders
Liability	12	4
Liability in banking, insurance, and joint stock companies	12	11
May be joined as parties defendant	12	4
Stock
Increase, consent and notice necessary	12	6
Not to be owned by counties or cities	8	7
Restrictions on issuance	12	6
Sue and be sued, right and liability	12	5
Taxation of property, method of (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	3
Telephone and telegraph lines, organization to construct	12	19
(See Franchise)

Corrupt solicitation
Compulsory testimony in cases of	2	30
Disqualification for holding office	2	30
Punishment to be provided by legislature	2	30

Corruption in office
Judges, attorney general and prosecuting attorneys removable by legislature	4	9

Corruption of blood
Conviction not to work	1	15

County
Apportionment
Of representatives among	22	2
Of senators	22	1
Assignment of superior court judges	4	2(a)
	4	5
Bonds, nonrecourse revenue for industrial development projects	32	1
Classification	11	5
Combined city and county	11	16
Corporate bonds or stocks not to be owned	8	7
County seat removal	11	2
Not to be changed by special act	2	28(18)
Credit not to be loaned, exceptions	8	7
Debts
Apportionment on division or enlargement	11	3
Limit of	8	6
Private property not to be taken in satisfaction of	11	13
Division, how effected	11	3
Existing to be legal subdivision of state	11	1
Government, legislature to provide system	11	4
Home rule charter, authorized	11	4
For combined city-county	11	16
Indebtedness, limit of	8	6
Additional, assent of voters necessary	8	6
Assessment as basis of, how ascertained	8	6
Restriction as to purpose	8	6
Lines, not to be changed by special act	2	28(18)
Location of county seat not to be changed by special act	2	28(18)
Moneys to be deposited with treasurer	11	15
Use of, by official, a felony	11	14
New county, formation by special act not prohibited	2	28(18)
Restrictions on	11	3
Officers
Election, duties, terms, compensation	11	5
Increase in compensation during term	30	1
Recall of officers (See Recall)
Police and sanitary regulations, power to enforce	11	11
School funds may be invested in bonds of (Amended by Amendment 44)	16	5
Seal	27	9
Stock or bonds of corporation not to be owned	8	7
Superior court located in each county	4	5
Taxation, power to assess and collect	11	12
Exemption of county property from taxation	7	1
Taxes, liability for proportionate share of state	11	9
Local, legislature not to impose	11	12
One percent limitation	7	2
Township organization in	11	4

County attorney (See Prosecuting attorney)

County clerk
Accountability	11	5
Clerk of superior court, ex officio	4	26
Duties, term, and salary, legislature to provide	11	5
Election to be provided for by legislature	11	5
First under Constitution, time of	27	7

County commissioners
Election, compensation, etc., legislature to provide	11	5
Vacancies in legislature, partisan county elective office, filled by	2	15
Vacancies in township, precinct, and road district offices filled by	11	6

County indebtedness
Apportionment, when county divided or enlarged	11	3
Rights of creditors not affected	11	3
Increase permitted for water, light and sewers	8	6
Limit of	8	6
Private property not to be taken in satisfaction of	11	13

County lines
Change by special act prohibited	2	28(18)

County officers
Accountability for fees	11	5
Bonds unaffected by change in government	27	14
Compensation to be regulated by legislature	11	5
Classification of counties for purpose of fixing compensation	11	5
Increase during term	30	1
Duties and term to be prescribed by legislature	11	5
Election
Biennial	6	8
Legislature to provide for the election of	11	5
Time of	6	8
Eligibility restricted to two terms in succession (Repealed by Amendment 22)	11	7
Fees
Accountability for	11	5
Use of, a felony	11	14
Partisan elective, vacancies, how filled	2	15
Public money, use of, felonious	11	14
Recall of (See Recall of officers)
Salaries	11	5,8
Succession of duties, in emergency, temporary, legislature	2	42
Term of office not to be extended	11	8
Term, power of legislature to prescribe	11	5
Territorial, how long to hold office	27	14
Vacancies, how filled	11	6
Vacancies, partisan elective offices, how filled	2	15

County seat
Change or location by special act prohibited	2	28(18)
Continuity of government, enemy attack	2	42
Removal, proceedings for	11	2

County treasurer
Election, compensation, duties and accountability, legislature to provide	11	5

Court commissioners
Appointment and powers	4	23
Excepted from prohibition against compensation by fees	4	13

Court of appeals
Administration and procedure	4	30
Authorized	4	30
Conflicts with other constitutional provisions	4	30
Judges	4	30
Jurisdiction	4	30
Review of superior court actions	4	30

Courts
Inferior, legislature to provide	4	1
Jurisdiction and powers to be prescribed	4	12
Judicial power vested in specified courts	4	1
Officers to be salaried, exceptions	4	13
Of record
Defined	4	11
Judges not to practice law	4	19
Temporary performance of judicial duties	4	2(a)
(See District courts; Inferior courts; Justice of Peace; Municipal courts; Probate courts; Superior court; Supreme court)

Credit
Agricultural promotional activities, use of commodity assessments	8	11
Energy, water, or stormwater or sewer services loans for conservation	8	10
Of county or municipal corporations not to be given or loaned, exceptions	8	7
Of state not to be given or loaned	8	5
	12	9
Port district promotional activities	8	8
State building authority	8	9

Crimes
Accused not required to criminate self	1	9
Except in case of bribery or corrupt solicitation	2	30
Conviction shall not work corruption of blood	1	15
Cruel punishment prohibited	1	14
Ex post facto laws not to be passed	1	23
Infamous, conviction as bar to voting	6	3
Persons charged with to be bailable	1	20
Prosecution may be by information	1	25
In name of state	4	27
(See Criminal actions)

Criminal actions
Advance payment of money to secure rights of accused prohibited	1	22
Appeal, right of accused	1	22
Appearance by accused in person or counsel	1	22
Double jeopardy, prohibition against	1	9
Evidence, accused not required to incriminate self	1	9
Jurisdiction
Appellate of supreme court	4	4
Of offenses committed on public conveyances	1	22
Original of superior court	4	6
Limitation by special act prohibited	2	28(17)
Process, style of	4	27
Prosecution by information allowed	1	25
In name of state	4	27
On change from territorial to state government	27	5
Rights of accused	1	22
(See Actions; Crimes)

Cruel punishment
Not to be inflicted	1	14

Damage
To private property for public or private use to be compensated	1	16

Dangerous employments
Protection to persons engaged in	2	35

Death
Succession to office upon death or disability of governor	3	10

Debate
Members of legislature not liable for words spoken	2	17

Debts
Corporate, fictitious increase void	12	6
Liability of stockholders	12	4,11
Due territory to inure to state	27	3
Imprisonment for, prohibited, exception	1	17
Municipal corporations, limitation on	8	6
Release by special act prohibited	2	28(10)
State building authority	8	9
Limitation	8	1(g)
State, power to contract	8	1-3
In case of invasion, insurrection, etc.	8	2
Limitation on power	8	1,3
Territorial, assumed by state	26	3
(See City; County indebtedness; Indebtedness of corporations; State indebtedness)

Decisions
Superior court judge, within what time	4	20
Supreme court, in writing and grounds stated	4	2
Publication, free to anyone	4	21
Reporter for, appointment	4	18

Declaration of rights
Statement in Constitution	1	1-32

Deeds
Validation by special law prohibited	2	28(9)

Defects and omissions in law
Report to governor by supreme judges	4	25
To supreme by superior judges	4	25

Defense
Of officer removed on charges	4	9
Right of accused in criminal actions	1	22

Deficits in revenue
State may contract debts to meet	8	1
Tax may be levied to pay	7	8

Delinquency in office (See Corruption in office)

Deposits
Bank officers liable for, when	12	12
Public moneys with treasurer required	11	15

Depot
Jurisdiction of public offense committed at	1	22

Developmentally disabled
Trust funds, investments	29	1

Disability
Property of person under, cannot be affected by special laws	2	28(4)

Disapproval of bills
By governor	3	12
Initiative measure	2	1

Discipline
Of state militia, legislature to prescribe	10	2

Disclaimer
State's title to patented lands	17	2
Unappropriated public and Indian lands	26	2

Discrimination
By common carrier prohibited	12	15,18
By telegraph and telephone companies in handling messages prohibited	12	19
Education to be provided all children	9	1
In favor of foreign corporations, prohibited	12	7
Railroad
Prohibited from favoring one express company	12	21
Prohibited from favoring one telegraph company	12	19

Disorderly behavior
Each house may punish for	2	9

Disqualification
On conviction for bribery or corrupt solicitation	2	30
On impeachment	5	2

District courts
Equity jurisdiction	4	6
Transfer of causes from territorial to superior court	27	8

District officers
Duties, term, compensation, legislature to prescribe	11	5
Election
Biennial	6	8
Legislature to provide for	11	5
Time of	6	8
Recall of	1	33,34
Road district, vacancy	11	6
Territorial, to hold office until when	27	14
Official bonds unaffected by change in government	27	14

Ditches
Taking of private property for	1	16

Divorce
Jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Legislature not to grant	2	24
(See Annulment of marriage)

Docks
Legislature may authorize lease of harbor areas, limitations	15	2
(See Area reserved; Harbors)

Double jeopardy
Prohibition against	1	9

Drains
Taking of private property for	1	16

Drugs and medicines
Legislature to regulate sale	20	2

Due process of law
Life, liberty, property not to be taken without	1	3

Earnings
Combinations by common carriers to share, prohibited (Repealed by Amendment 67)	12	14

Education
Higher education permanent funds	16	6
No distinction on account of race, color or sex	9	1
Provision for, to be made by state	9	1
Sale of lands for purposes of	9	3
(See Common schools; Public schools)

Effective date
Of bills, etc.	2	41
Of Constitution	27	16

Elections
Ballot required, form	6	6
Civil interference prohibited	1	19
Constitution
Amendment of, submission to vote	23	1
Calling convention to revise	23	2
Revision, submission of instrument	23	3
Vote on adoption of first, under territorial laws	27	15
Contest for office of superior judge (first election)	27	12
County home-rule charter	11	4
County seat, removal of	11	2
Criminals, insane persons, idiots excluded from elective franchise	6	3
Electors (See Electors)
Executive officers, elections of	3	1
First election according to territorial laws	27	15
Of representative to congress (Repealed by Amendment 74)	27	13
Free, equal and undisturbed	1	19
Freeholders to frame city charter	11	10
Incompetent persons, disqualification	6	3
Increasing municipal indebtedness	8	6
Initiative measures (See Initiative and referendum)
Judges
Of court of appeals	4	30
Of superior court	4	5,29
Of supreme court	4	3
Legislative, to be viva voce	2	27
Legislature
Each house judge of its own	2	8
Representatives	2	4,5
Senators	2	6
Mentally incompetent persons	6	3
Military interference prohibited	1	19
Officers
Not regulated by Constitution, legislature to provide for	27	11
Under Constitution, time of first	27	7
Presidential elections, voter's residence	6	1A
Privilege of voters from arrest at	6	5
Qualifications of voters (See Voters)
Recall of officers (See Recall of officers)
Referendum (See Initiative and referendum)
Registration law to be enacted	6	7
School, women may be accorded franchise (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Seat of government, determination	14	1
Secrecy of ballot required	6	6
State officers, executive
Certificates of election to be given	3	4
Contests, legislature to decide	3	4
Equal vote, legislature to choose	3	4
Returns to secretary of state	3	4
Declaration of result	3	4
Supreme court judges	4	3
Superior court judges	4	5,29
Time of, for state, county and district officers	6	8
Vacancy in office of governor, election to fill	3	10
Voter qualifications	6	1
(See Vote; Voter)

Elective franchise
Denial on account of sex prohibited in school elections (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Idiots, insane persons and convicted felons excluded from	6	3
Presidential elections, voter's residence	6	1A
(See Elections; Electors; Voter)

Electors
Exempt from military duty, when	6	5
Privilege from arrest at election, except	6	5
Qualifications of voters (See Voter)
Residence not lost in certain cases	6	4
Secrecy in voting, legislature to secure	6	6

Eligibility
Judges of supreme and superior courts, qualifications	4	17
Ineligible to other than judicial offices	4	15
Members of legislature
Ineligible to offices created by them	2	13
Qualifications	2	7
State officers, qualifications	3	25
Voters (See Elections; Voter)

Emergency clause
Act non-referrable	2	1(b)

Emergency, national
(See Invasion and attack)

Eminent domain
Compensation required	1	16
Corporate property and franchises subject to	12	10
Judicial question, use for which property taken is	1	16
Jury to ascertain compensation, waiver	1	16
Private use, taking of property for prohibited, exceptions	1	16
Reclamation of land is public use	1	16
Rights-of-way to be compensated for	1	16
Settlement of land is public use	1	16
Telegraph and telephone companies granted right	12	19
Ways of necessity, taking of private property for private use	1	16

Emoluments, privileges and powers
Hereditary, prohibited	1	28

Employments dangerous to life
Legislature to protect persons in	2	35

Enacting clause
Of statutes	2	18
Initiated acts	2	1(d)

Enemy attack, emergency due to
(See Invasion and attack)

Energy, water, or stormwater or sewer services conservation
Loaning of credit for structures or equipment	8	10

Enumeration of rights
Not to deny others reserved	1	30

Equal rights
Not to be denied because of sex	31	1,2

Equal suffrage	6	1

Equity
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Evidence
Contested election (first election) for superior judge, manner of taking	27	12
Criminating, person not compelled to give against himself	1	9
Except in bribery cases	2	30
Treason, what necessary for conviction	1	27
(See Testimony)

Excessive bail and fines
Not to be imposed	1	14

Exclusive legislation
Congress has over certain lands of United States	25	1
Subject to state's right to serve process	25	1
Over unallotted Indian lands	26	2

Exclusive privileges
Of unorganized corporations, invalid, when	12	2
Prohibited	1	12

Excursion and commutation tickets
Carrier may grant special rates	12	15

Execution
Private property not to be taken for public debt	11	13
Rolling stock of railroad liable to	12	17

Executive department
Consists of certain officers	3	1
Election of officers of	3	1
Records of to be kept by secretary of state	3	17

Executive power
Supreme, vested in governor	3	2
(See Governor)

Exemptions
Homestead, from forced sale	19	1
Military duty, to whom	10	6
Taxation, what property free from	7	1
Indian lands exempt, when	26	2
Lands and property of United States	26	2
Retired persons	7	10

Existing rights
Change in government not to affect	27	1

Expenses
Constitutional convention to be provided for	27	19
State may contract debts to meet	8	1

Ex post facto law
Passage prohibited	1	23

Express companies
Railroads to grant equal terms to all	12	21

Expulsion of members
Powers of each house	2	9
Restrictions on	2	9

Extension of time for collection of taxes
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(5)

Extinguishment of debts
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(10)

Extra compensation
Prohibited to public officers, etc.	2	25

Extra session
Legislature, when to be convened	3	7

Factories
Employees to be protected	2	35

Fares and freights (See Railroad companies)

Farms
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Federal officers
Not eligible to legislature	2	14

Fees
Accountability of county and local officers for	11	5
Accused in criminal cases as required to advance	1	22
Certain used exclusively for highway purposes	2	40
Judicial officers prohibited from receiving	4	13
Justices of the peace not to receive, when	4	10

Felony
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Use of public money by officer	11	14

Ferries
Authorization by special legislation forbidden	2	28(3)

Fictitious issue
Of stock or indebtedness void	12	6

Fines
Accrued to territory inure to state	27	3
Excessive, not to be imposed	1	14
Governor has power to remit	3	11
Must report remissions to legislature	3	11
Remission by special act prohibited	2	28(14)

Fiscal statement
Annual publication required	7	7

Flumes
Taking of private property for	1	16

Forcible entry and detainer
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Foreign corporations
Not to be favored	12	7

Foreign officers
Not eligible to legislature	2	14

Forfeiture
Accrued to territory inures to state	27	3
Corporate charter or franchise, no remission	12	3
Estate, conviction not to work	1	15
Franchise, for combination in restraint of trade	12	22
Governor has power to remit	3	11
Must report remissions to legislature	3	11
Judicial office, absence causes	4	8
Remission by special act prohibited	2	28(14)

Forts, dockyards, etc.
Congress to have exclusive control	25	1

Forty mill limitation
(Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	2

Franchise
Alienation or lease not to relieve liability	12	8
Corporate, creation by special act forbidden	12	1
Extension by legislature prohibited	12	3
Forfeiture for unlawful combinations	12	22
Forfeiture not to be remitted	12	3
Invalid, if unorganized, when	12	2
Irrevocable grant prohibited	1	8
Liability not relieved by lease, etc.	12	8
Subject to eminent domain	12	10
Taxation, state not to surrender (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	4
(See Corporations; Elections)

Freedom of conscience
Guaranteed in matters of religious belief	1	11
(See Religion)

Freedom of speech and press
Guaranteed to every person	1	5
Legislators not liable for words in debate	2	17

Free passes
Grant of, to state officers prohibited	12	20
Public officers forbidden to accept	2	39

Freight rates
Regulation by legislature authorized	12	18

Fundamental principles
Frequent recurrence to, essential	1	32

Funds (See Appropriations; Common school construction fund; Common school fund; Higher education permanent funds; Highway fund; Industrial insurance trust fund; Public money; School fund)

Government
Change of
Completion of pending actions	27	5,8
Continuance of existing laws and rights	27	1,2
Emergency, continuance of government, legislative power	2	42
Perpetuity of, what essential	1	32
Purposes of	1	1
Source of powers	1	1

Governor
Appointment of regents, etc., of state institutions	13	1
Approval of laws	3	12
Assignment of superior judge to other county	4	5,7
Attorney general, succession to governorship	3	10
Auditor, succession to governorship	3	10
Commander-in-chief of state militia	3	8
Commissioner of public lands, succession to governorship	3	10
Commissions issued by state, signed by	3	15
Election of	3	1
Election to fill vacancy in office	3	10
Execution of laws	3	5
Extension of leave of absence of judicial officer	4	8
Extra session of legislature, power to convene	3	7
Failure of person regularly elected to qualify, succession on	3	10
Impeachment	5	1,2
Information in writing may be required from state officers	3	5
Laws, may call militia to execute	10	2
Lieutenant governor, succession of to office	3	10
Messages to legislature	3	6
Militia officers commissioned by	10	2
Pardoning power vested in	3	9
Report to legislature of pardons, etc., granted	3	11
Restrictions prescribed by law	3	9
Records kept at seat of government	3	24
Remission of fines and forfeitures	3	11
Report to legislature with reasons	3	11
Removal or disability, who to act	3	10
Residence at seat of government	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Secretary of state as succeeding to office	3	10
Special session of legislature, power to convene	2	12
Succession in case of vacancy	3	10
Superintendent of public instruction, succession to governorship	3	10
Supreme executive power vested in	3	2
Term of office	3	2
Treasurer, succession to governorship	3	10
Vacancies
In certain state offices, filled by	3	13
In legislature, filled by, when	2	15
In superior court, filled by	4	5
In supreme court, filled by	4	3
Vacancy in office of	3	10
Succession, enemy attack	2	42
Veto of bill or sections and return with objections	3	12
Measures initiated by or referred to the people	2	1(d)

Grand jury
Summoned only on order of superior court	1	26

Granted lands
Sale of	16	1-4
(See Lands; Public lands)

Habeas corpus
Jurisdiction
Original and appellate of supreme court	4	4
Original of superior court	4	6
Suspension of writ prohibited, except	1	13
Writs
Issuance and service on nonjudicial days	4	6
Judges of supreme court may issue	4	4
Returnable before whom	4	4

Harbors
Area to be reserved for landings, etc.	15	1
Commission to establish harbor lines	15	1
Restrictions on sale by state of lands or rights	15	1
(See Area reserved; Docks; Wharves)

Head of family
Power of legislature to exempt property of from taxation	7	1

Health
(See Public health)

Heir at law
Not to be determined by special law	2	28(1)

High crimes or misdemeanors
Impeachment of public officers for	5	2

High schools
Included in public school system	9	2

Higher education permanent funds
Investment	16	6

Highway fund	2	40

Highways
Opening or altering by special legislation prohibited, exceptions	2	28(2)
(See Streets and roads)

Holiday
(See Legal holiday)

Home
Privacy of, guaranteed	1	7
Soldiers not to be quartered in, except	1	31

Home-rule charter
Counties authorized to frame	11	4
For combined city-county	11	16

Homestead
Exemption from forced sale	19	1

House of representatives
Elections, biennial after 1890	2	5
Legislative authority vested in	2	1
Members, how and when chosen	2	4,5
Number of representatives	2	2
Powers
Impeachment, sole power vested in	5	1
Legislative, vested in	2	1
Quorum of house	2	8
Redistricting	2	43
Vacancy, how filled	2	15
(See Legislature; Representatives)

Immigration
Bureau of, established	2	34

Immunities
Electors privileged from arrest at elections	6	5
Equal to all citizens and corporations	1	12
Imprisonment for debt prohibited, except	1	17
Irrevocable grant of, prohibited	1	8
Loss or damage to property prohibited without just compensation	1	16
Members of legislature
Privileged from arrest, exceptions	2	16
Privileged from service of civil process, when	2	16
Salaries for legislators, elected state officials, and judges, referendum petition	28	1
Militia privileged from arrest at muster, except	10	5
Soldiers not to be quartered in homes, except	1	31
Special grant of, prohibited	1	12
Twice in jeopardy, accused not to be put	1	9

Impeachment
House of representatives has sole power	5	1
Officers liable to	5	2
Judgment effects removal and disqualification for office	5	2
Liability to criminal prosecution	5	2
Trial by senate	5	1
Chief justice presides, when	5	1
(See Recall of officers)

Imposts
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Imprisonment for debt
Prohibited, except in case of absconding debtors	1	17

Incompetency in office
Officers removable by legislature for, conditions	4	9

Indebtedness of corporations
Fictitious increase void	12	6
Liability of stockholders	12	4
In bank, insurance and joint stock companies	12	11
Relief from
By lease or alienation of franchise prohibited	12	8
By special legislation prohibited	2	28(10)
(See Corporations)

Indian lands
Disclaimed by state of title	26	2
Subject to jurisdiction of United States	26	2
Taxation of, when state may impose	26	2
Exemption from	26	2

Indians
Exempt from property taxation, when	26	2
Excluded from enumeration of inhabitants (Repealed by Amendment 74)	2	3

Indictment
Prosecutions of offenses by	1	25
Right of accused to copy of	1	22

Individual rights
Government to protect and maintain	1	1
Secured by recurrence to fundamental principles	1	32

Individual security
Private affairs not to be disturbed	1	7

Industrial development
Nonrecourse revenue bonds	32	1
Port districts	8	8

Industrial insurance trust fund
Investments of	29	1

Infamous crimes
Persons convicted of, excluded from elective franchise	6	3

Infants (See Children; Minors)

Inferior courts
Appeal lies to superior court	4	6
Jurisdiction and powers, legislature to prescribe	4	12
Legislature to provide	4	1

Information
Offenses may be prosecuted by	1	25

Initiative and referendum
Amendment of acts approved by the people
(Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Amendment of measure submitted to legislature	2	1(a)
Ballot where conflicting measures are submitted to the people	2	1(a)
Certification of petitions	2	1(a)
Change or amendment of initiative measure, prohibition against (Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Conflicting measures	2	1(a)
Effective date of acts or bills subject to referendum (Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Effective date of measure after approval on submission to the people	2	1(d)
Election at which proposed measure is submitted to voter	2	1(a)
Election for amendment or repeal of bills approved by electors (Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Exceptions from power of referendum	2	1(b)
Extent of power of referendum	2	1(b)
Filing petition	2	1(a)
Legislature, referendum through action of	2	1(b)
Lotteries, sixty percent vote required	2	24
Majority vote as required for approval of measure submitted	2	1(d)
Member of legislature as retaining right to introduce measure	2	1(d)
Number of votes required to approve measure	2	1(d)
Part of bill, effect of filing referendum petition against	2	1(d)
Percentage of voters required on referendum petition	2	1(b)
Percentage of voters required to propose measures by petition	2	1(a)
Petition, referendum on	2	1(b)
	2	1(d)
Petition to propose measures	2	1(a)
	2	1(d)
Precedence of initiative measures over other bills	2	1(a)
Proposal of different measure by legislature	2	1(a)
Publication of measures referred to the people	2	1(e)
Regular election, reference of measures at	2	1(d)
Rejection of initiative measure by legislature	2	1(a)
Repeal of bill approved (Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Reservation by the people of the power of initiative	2	1(a)
Reservation of power in the people	2	1
Reservation of power of referendum	2	1(b)
Salaries for legislators, elected state officials, and judges, referendum petition	28	1
Secretary of state, certification of results of initiative to legislature	2	1(a)
Secretary of state, filing referendum petition with	2	1(d)
Secretary of state, initiative petition filed with	2	1(a)
Self-executing, amendment as	2	1(d)
Signatures required	2	1(a)
Special election, reference of measures to people at	2	1(d)
Special indebtedness, how authorized	8	3
Style of bill proposed by initiative petition	2	1(d)
Time for filing referendum petition against measure passed by legislature	2	1(d)
Veto power of governor not extended to initiatives or referendums	2	1(d)

Injunction
Issuance and service on nonjudicial days	4	6
Equity jurisdiction of superior and district court	4	6
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Insane person
Excluded from elective franchise	6	3

Insolvency
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Receipt of bank deposits, liability of officers	12	12

Instruments
Validation by special act prohibited	2	28(9)

Insurance companies
Liability of stockholders	12	11

Interest
Application of school fund interest	9	3
On certain state debts to be provided for	8	1
Private interest in bills to be disclosed by legislators	2	30
Regulation by special law prohibited	2	28(13)

Intoxicating liquors (See Prohibition)

Invalid instruments
Validation by special act prohibited	2	28(9)

Invasion and attack
Government continuity, legislative authority	2	42
State may contract debts above limit to repel	8	2
Suspension of habeas corpus allowed	1	13

Investment
Higher education permanent funds	16	6
Industrial insurance trust fund	29	1
Public pension and retirement funds	29	1
School funds	9	3
	16	5

Irrigation
Use of waters for, deemed public use	21	1

Jeopardy
No person to be twice put in for same offense	1	9

Joint senatorial or representative district
Filling of vacancy	2	15

Joint stock companies
Combinations in restraint of trade forbidden	12	22
Liability of stockholders	12	11
Term "corporation" includes	12	5

Journal
Each house to keep	2	11
Entry of ayes and noes
On demand of one-sixth	2	21
On introduction of bills later than ten days before close of session	2	36
On nominations of officers for state institutions	13	1
On passage of bill	2	22
On passage of emergency clause (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
On proposed constitutional amendments	23	1
Publication of, except portions requiring secrecy	2	11
Votes
On elections by legislature entered	2	27
On removal of judges, etc., entered	4	9

Judge pro tempore
In superior court, provision for	4	2(a),7
Temporary judicial duties in supreme court	4	2(a)

Judges
Absence from state vacates office	4	8
Except where governor extends leave of absence	4	8
Not to charge juries as to matters of fact	4	16
But to declare the law	4	16
Practice of law prohibited	4	19
Removal by supreme court	4	31
Removal from office by legislature	4	9
Retirement	4	3(a)
Retirement by supreme court	4	31
Salaries may be increased	30	1
Salaries payable quarterly	4	14
(See Judges of court of appeals; Judges pro tempore; Judges of superior court; Judges of supreme court)

Judges of court of appeals	4	30

Judges of superior court
Court commissioners, appointment of	4	23
Decisions within ninety days after submission	4	20
Disqualified unless admitted to practice in state	4	17
Each judge invested with powers of all	4	5
May sit in any county	4	5
Elections of	4	5,29
First election	27	12
Ineligible to other than judicial office	4	15
Not to charge juries as to matters of fact	4	16
But to declare the law	4	16
Oath of office prescribed for	4	28
Other superior court, duties in	4	2(a)
Practice of law prohibited	4	19
Pro tempore judge	4	2(a),7
Recall, judges not subject to	1	33,34
Removal by supreme court	4	31
Report defects in law to supreme court	4	25
Retirement	4	3(a)
Rules of court, shall establish	4	24
Salaries (See Salaries)
Apportionment of	4	13
Increase in salary	30	1
Sessions of court may be held in any county on request	4	7
Supreme court duty, performance upon request	4	2(a)
Term of office and when begins	4	5
Temporary judicial duties	4	2(a)
Writs may be issued by	4	6
(See Judges; Superior court)

Judges of supreme court
Chief justice, how determined	4	3
Clerk to be appointed by	4	22
Disqualified, unless admitted to practice in state	4	17
Election of	4	3
Ineligible to other than judicial office	4	15
Issuance of writs authorized	4	4
Oath of office prescribed	4	28
Practice of law prohibited	4	19
Recall, judges not subject to	1	33,34
Removal by supreme court	4	31
Reporter, appointment of	4	18
Reports of defects in laws to governor	4	25
Retirement	4	3(a)
Salaries (See Salaries)
Increase in salary	30	1
Payment	4	13
Temporary judicial duties, power to authorize	4	2(a)
Term of office	4	3
Vacancies, how filled	4	3
(See Judges; Supreme court)

Judgment
Belonging to territory inures to state	27	4
Extent of, on impeachment	5	2
Of one judge of superior court to be of same force as of all	4	5
Of superior court to be given within ninety days after submission, except	4	20

Judicial administration
Must be open and without delay	1	10
Temporary performance of judicial duties	4	2(a)

Judicial conduct, commission on	4	31

Judicial decisions
Of Supreme court
All decisions to be in writing and grounds stated	4	2
Concurrence by majority of court necessary	4	2
Publication required	4	21
Free to anyone	4	21
Reporter for, to be appointed	4	18

Judicial officers
Absence forfeits office, when	4	8
Compensation by fees prohibited, except	4	13
Impeachment, liable to, exceptions	5	2
Oath of office prescribed	4	28
Recall, not subject to	1	33,34
Removal by legislature	4	9
Removal by supreme court	4	31
(See Court commissioners; Judges; Judges of supreme and superior courts; Justice of peace)

Judicial power
Vested in what courts	4	1

Judicial qualifications commission
(See Commission on judicial conduct)

Judicial question
Public use in eminent domain	1	16

Jurisdiction
Court of appeals	4	30
Equity	4	6
Inferior courts, legislature to prescribe	4	12
Justice of peace, as legislature may fix	4	10
Not to trench on courts of record	4	10
Of offenses committed on public conveyances	1	22
Superior court	4	6
Supreme court	4	4
United States over reserved lands	25	1
(See Criminal action)

Juror
Number necessary for verdict	1	21
Religious beliefs not grounds of incompetency	1	11

Jury
Charging, duty of judge	4	16
Criminal action, right of accused in	1	22
Eminent domain proceedings	1	16
Number in courts not of record	1	21
Right of trial by remains inviolate	1	21
Waiver in civil cases may be had	1	21
Verdict by less than twelve may be authorized	1	21
(See Grand jury; Juror)

Justice
Administration must be open and without delay	1	10

Justice of peace
Appeal lies to superior court	4	6
Cannot be made court of record	4	11
Duties to be prescribed by legislature	4	10
Fees prohibited, when	4	10
Jurisdiction, legislature to determine	4	10
Not to trench on courts of record	4	10
Number, legislature to determine	4	10
Police justice in cities may be chosen from	4	10
Salary	4	10
Increase	30	1
Unsalaried, excepted from prohibition against compensation by fees	4	13
Vacancy in office, how filled	11	6
Vested with judicial power	4	1
(See Judicial officers)

Land commissioner (See Commissioner of public lands)

Lands
Alien ownership prohibited, exceptions (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33
Granted lands, restrictions on sale	16	1
For educational purposes, sale of	16	2,3
Plat of state lands in cities required before sale	16	4
Limit on amount offered in one parcel	16	4
Quantity of state land that may be sold in one parcel	16	4
Reclamation, public use in taking for	1	16
Restrictions on selling school lands	16	2,3
Settlement, public use in taking property for	1	16
Taxation	7
Of Indians lands	26	2
Of lands of nonresidents	26	2
Of United States, none to be imposed	26	2
Timber and stone on state lands may be sold, how	16	3

Law of the land
Constitution of United States is supreme	1	2

Laws
Bills of attainder prohibited	1	23
Corporations, statutory regulations may be amended or repealed	12	1
Defects and omissions to be reported annually	4	25
Effective date
(Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
(Superseded by Amendment 26)	2	1(c)
(Amendment 26)	2	41
Enacting clause	2	18
Initiative measure	2	1(d)
Ex post facto, prohibited	1	23
Governor's approval, presentation for	3	12
Passage over veto	3	12
Without approval, how becomes effective	3	12
Impairing obligation of contracts prohibited	1	23
Initiative measures (See Initiative and referendum)
Legislative enactments to be by bill	2	18
Requisites on final passage of bill	2	22
Special legislation prohibited in certain cases	2	28
State debt authorized for some single work, conditions	8	3
Territorial, to remain in force until altered, except	27	2
(See Acts; Bill; Statutes)

Lease
Of corporate franchise not to relieve from liability	12	8
Of harbor areas for building wharves, limitations	15	2
State building authority, by	8	9

Legal holiday
Superior courts not open	4	6
Writs that may be issued and served on	4	6

Legislature
COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION
Absentees, less than a quorum may compel their attendance	2	8
Adjournment, restrictions on	2	11
Apportionment of members	22	1,2
Reapportionment after each census	2	43
Authority generally	2	1
Bribery of members, how punished	2	30
Committees	2	12
Compensation and mileage of members (Partially repealed by Amendments 20 and 54)	2	23
Consists of senate and house of representatives	2	1
Constitution, departure from during emergency due to enemy attack	2	42
Contempts punishable by each house	2	9
Convening in extra session at call of governor	3	7
Convening in extra session by legislature	2	12
Corrupt solicitation of members	2	30
Disorderly behavior punishable by each house	2	9
Election of members, each house judge of	2	8
Eligible to membership, who are	2	7
Expulsion of member requires two-thirds vote	2	9
Journal, each house to keep and publish	2	11
Members
From what civil offices excluded	2	13
Not liable for words spoken in debate	2	17
Private interest in bill to be disclosed	2	30
Privilege
From arrest, except	2	16
From civil process, when	2	16
Number of members	2	2
Office accepted under United States vacates seat	2	14
Officers
Each house to elect its own	2	10
Federal and foreign, ineligible to membership	2	14
Quorum, majority to constitute	2	8
Reapportionment after each census	2	43
Records, secretary of state to keep	3	17
Redistricting	2	43
Rules of proceedings, each house to determine	2	9
Sessions
Must be open, exceptions	2	11
Regular	2	12
Special	2	12
Time of meeting	2	12
Vacancies, how filled	2	15
Vote on elections to be viva voce	2	27
None when member has private interest in bill	2	30
DUTIES
Accountability of county and local officers to be provided for	11	5
Accounting for state receipts and expenditures to be prescribed	7	7
Appropriation for expenses of constitutional convention to be made	27	19
Bureau of statistics to be established	2	34
Cities, incorporation by general laws to be provided	11	10
Classification of counties, for purpose of prescribing compensation	11	5
Combinations affecting prices, etc., punishment to be provided	12	22
Commissioner of public lands, duties and compensation to be provided	3	23
Compensation
Of county and local officers to be regulated	11	5
Of officers, change during term (See Salaries)
Congressional districts, state to be divided into (Repealed by Amendment 74)	27	13
Contested elections of state officers to be decided by	3	4
Convict labor to be provided for	2	29
County government, system of, to be established	11	4
Court of appeals, as to	4	30
Divorces not to be granted by	2	24
Drugs and medicines, sale to be regulated	20	2
Elections
Certificates of, to be given certain state officers	3	4
Election of necessary county officers, duty to provide for	11	5
President, voting for, implementation	6	1A
Qualifications of voters to be regulated (Amended by Amendment 63)	6	1
Employees in dangerous employments to be protected by law	2	35
Governmental continuity during emergency periods, to provide for	2	42
Harbor lines, commission to establish, to be appointed	15	1
Health, board of, to be established	20	1
Homesteads to be protected from forced sale	19	1
Initiative measures (See Initiative and referendum)
Judicial qualifications commissioners, terms and compensation to be provided	4	31
Justice of peace, number, powers and duties to be prescribed	4	10
Lease of harbor areas for wharves to be provided	15	2
Medicine and surgery, practice of, to be regulated	20	2
Militia, organization and discipline to be provided for	10	2
Officers of counties, townships, precincts, and districts
Duties, elections, and terms of office to be prescribed	11	5
Classification of counties by population in enumerating duties of county officers	11	5
Officers not provided for in Constitution, legislature to provide for election and terms	27	11
Passes
Grant of to public officers to be prevented	12	20
Use by public officers to be prohibited	2	39
Port district promotional activities	8	8
Private interest in bill, members to declare	2	30
Public arms, safekeeping and protection required	10	4
Public school system to be established	9	2
Publication of opinions of supreme court to be provided for	4	21
Recall of public officers (See Recall of officers)
Redistricting plan and commission	2	43
Referendum (See Initiative and referendum)
Registration law to be enacted	6	7
Salaries of county officers and certain constables to be fixed	11	5
Sale of school and university lands, confirmation to be made	16	2
School funds, investment	9	3
	16	5
Seat of government, choice of location to be provided for	14	1
Soldiers' home, maintenance to be provided	10	3
Suits against state, manner of bringing, to be directed	2	26
Taxation
Corporate property to be under general law (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	3
Deficiencies and expenses to be met by	7	8
Exemption of limited amount of personalty	7	1
Retired persons exemption, implementation	7	10
Uniform on same class of property	7	1
Telegraph and telephone regulations to be provided	12	19
Vital statistics, bureau of, to be established	20	1
Voting, method to be provided by	6	6
ENACTMENT OF LAWS
Act, how revised or amended	2	37
Amendment of bill	2	38
Bill to contain but one subject	2	19
Emergency, national-Government continuity authorizing special legislation	2	42
Enacting clause	2	18
Initiative and referendum measures (See Initiative and referendum)
Laws to be enacted by bill	2	18
Take effect, when (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
Presiding officer of each house to sign bills	2	32
Rules for signing bills may be prescribed	2	32
Style of laws	2	18
Title of bill to disclose object	2	19
Veto of bill, and passage over	3	12
When bills must be introduced, exceptions	2	36
Yeas and nays, entry on journal required, when	2	21,22
POWERS
Abolition of certain state offices permitted	3	25
Appropriation of public funds (See Appropriations)
Banking corporations, power to limit liability of	12	11
Chaplain for penal and reformatory institutions may be employed	1	11
Charters of corporations cannot be extended	12	3
Clerk of supreme court, election may be provided for	4	22
Constitution
Amendment may be proposed in either house	23	1
Departure from during emergency due to enemy attack	2	42
Revision, convention for may be agreed on	23	2
Corporate property and franchises may be taken for public use	12	10
Corporations, regulation of	12	1
Courts of record, power to establish	4	11
Divorces not to be granted by	2	24
Duties of county officer, power to prescribe	11	5
Elective franchise may be granted to women in school elections (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Emergency, authorizing special powers during periods of	2	42
Exemptions from taxation, power to provide (See Taxation)
Extra compensation to officers for past services prohibited	2	25
Fees of county officers, power to provide accountability for	11	5
Forfeitures of corporate franchises may be declared for unlawful combinations	12	22
Remission of, prohibited	12	3
Harbor areas, building on, may be provided for by general law	15	2
Inferior courts
May be provided	4	1
Powers of, shall be prescribed	4	12
Irrevocable privilege or franchise, power to grant denied	1	8
Jury, number for panel and for verdict may be fixed at less than twelve	1	21
Lotteries, may authorize by 60% vote	2	24
Municipal corporations may be vested with power to make local improvements	7	9
Nonrecourse revenue bonds, authorization	32	1
Number of judges of supreme court may be increased	4	2
Private or special laws prohibited	2	28
Public corporations not to be created by special act	11	10
Public funds, power to provide for accounting as to	11	5
Railroad commission may be established	12	18
Rates for freights and passengers
Discrimination may be prevented	12	18
Maximum, may be established	12	18
Removal of judges, attorney general, and prosecuting attorneys	4	9
Reservation of power in people (See Initiative and referendum)
Retirement age of judges, power to fix, limitations	4	3(a)
Salaries of judges (See Salaries)
Salaries of state officers (See Salaries)
School fund (common) may be enlarged	9	3
Seat of government cannot be changed by	14	1
Senate and house of representatives, legislative authority vested in	2	1
Separate departments of supreme court may be provided	4	2
Sex equality, power to enforce	31	1,2
Sheriff, providing for election of	11	5
Special sessions	2	12
State building authority may be provided	8	9
Supreme court judges, number may be increased	4	2
Taxation
Corporate authorities may be vested with power by general laws	11	12
Exemption of limited personal property	7	1
Levy to meet fiscal deficiencies	7	8
Local cannot be imposed by	11	12
Special assessment for local improvements, power may be vested in corporate authorities	7	9
Terms of county officers, powers to prescribe	11	5
Vetoed bills, convening extraordinary session to reconsider	3	12
Voters, authority to define manner of ascertaining qualifications (Amended by Amendment 63)	6	1
(See House of representatives; Initiative and referendum; Senate)

Liabilities
Corporate, not relieved by alienation or lease of franchise	12	8
Extinguishment by special legislation prohibited	2	28(10)
Territorial assumed by state	26	3

Liberty
Deprivation of without due process of law forbidden	1	3

Licentious acts
Guarantee of freedom of conscience in matters of religious worship does not justify	1	11

Lieutenant governor
Acts as governor, when	3	10
Deciding vote, in case of tie in senate	2	10
Election of	3	1
Impeachment of	5	1,2
Office may be abolished by legislature	3	25
Presiding officer of senate	3	16
In absence, who presides	2	10
Salary of (See Salaries)
Succession to office of governor	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Life
Deprivation of without due process of law prohibited	1	3

Limitation of actions
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(17)

Limitation on levies	7	2

Limiting production
Combination for, prohibited	12	22

Literacy
Qualification of voters (Amended by Amendment 63)	6	1

Loans
Prohibition against loan of school fund to private persons or corporations (Amended by Amendment 44)	16	5
State may borrow to meet debts	8	1

Local improvements
Authority of cities to levy special taxes for	7	9

Local officers
Eligible to legislature	2	14

Lotteries
Prohibited, except	2	24

Majority
Necessary in impeachment	5	1
Passage of bills requires	2	22
Petition for division of county requires	11	3
Quorum of each house constituted by	2	8
Special act to declare a person of age prohibited	2	28(11)

Malfeasance
Officers liable to impeachment for	5	2
Recall for	1	33,34
Removal by law, if not subject to impeachment	5	3

Mandamus
Original and appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Mandatory
Constitutional provisions are	1	29

Manufacturing purposes
Use of waters for, deemed public use	21	1

Medicine
Practice and sale, legislature to regulate	20	2

Men
Equal rights and responsibility	31	1,2

Mental Incompetency
Exclusion from voting	6	3

Messages
Governor to communicate with legislature by	3	6

Mileage
Members of legislature entitled to (Partially repealed by Amendment 20)	2	23

Military
Duty not to be required on election day, except	6	5
Not to interfere with elections	1	19
Subordinate to civil power	1	18
(See Army; Militia)

Militia
Citizens subject to duty in	10	1
Who exempt	10	1
Exemption to persons having conscientious scruples	10	6
Governor to be commander-in-chief	3	8
Governor's power to call forth	10	2
Members entitled to admission to soldiers' home, when	10	3
Officer of
Election and appointment	10	2
Eligible to legislature, when	2	14
Organization and discipline	10	2
Privilege from arrest, when	10	5
(See Arms; Army; Military)

Mines
Protection of employees, laws to be passed	2	35
Yield tax or au valorem tax authorized	7	1

Mining purposes
Use of water for, deemed public use	21	1

Minors
Property of, not to be affected by special laws	2	8(4),2(11)
(See Children; Majority)

Misdemeanors
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Money
Corporations etc. not to issue anything but lawful money of United States	12	11
Disbursement from state treasury	8	4
Public officers to deposit with treasurer	11	15
State Taxes payable in	7	6
Using public money by officer a felony	11	14
(See Public money)

Monopolies
Forbidden	12	22
Forfeiture of franchise and property may be declared	12	22
Penalties to be provided by law	12	22

Motor vehicles
License fees and excise taxes to be placed in special fund	2	40

Municipal corporations
Appropriation of right-of-way	1	16
Cities of 10,000 or over may frame own charter	11	10
Combined city-county	11	16
Corporate stock or bonds not to be owned by	8	7
Credit or money not to be loaned, exceptions	8	7
Debts
Expenditures for port district promotional activities	8	8
Release by special law prohibited	2	28(10)
Improvements, power to make by special taxation or assessment	7	9
Indebtedness, limitations on	8	6
Local affairs controlled by	11	11
Organization to be under general laws	11	10
Police and sanitary regulations enforced by	11	11
Private property not to be taken for debt of	11	13
Public money to be deposited with treasurer	11	15
Salary of officers (Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	11	8
(Amendment 54)	30	1
Seals of	27	9
Special act to create or amend charter prohibited	2	28(8)
Streets, power to extend over tide lands	15	3
Taxation
Assessment and levy, power of	7	9
Exemption of municipal property from taxation	7	1
Imposition for local purposes prohibited to legislature	11	12
Local power to assess and levy, where	11	12
Term of officers not to be extended	11	8
Use of public money by official, a felony	11	14
(See City; Municipal courts; Municipal fines; Towns and villages)

Municipal courts
Legislature may provide for	4	1

Municipal fines
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Municipal indebtedness
Limitations and restrictions on	8	6
(See City; Towns and villages)

Names
Change of, by special legislation prohibited	2	28(1)

Naturalization
Power of, vested in superior court	4	6

Navigable waters
Harbor lines, commission to be established to locate	15	1
Ownership of state in beds and shores asserted	17	1

New county
Formation by special act not prohibited	2	28(18)
Restrictions on	11	3

Nonjudicial days
Certain writs may be issued and served on	4	6
Superior courts not open on	4	6
Supreme court need not be open on	4	2

Nonrecourse revenue bonds
Industrial development projects	32	1

Nonresidents
Taxation of lands of citizens of United States	26	2

Normal schools
Included in public school system	9	2

Nuisance, action to abate
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Oath of office
Prescribed for judges	4	28
Recall for violation of	1	33,34

Oaths
Mode of administering	1	6
Of judges	4	28
Of senators in impeachment trials	5	1

Obligation of contracts
Not to be impaired by legislation	1	23

Offenses
Bailable, except	1	20
Existing, to be prosecuted in name of state	27	5
Impeachment of public officers for	5	2
Jeopardy, twice in, for same offense, forbidden	1	9
Prosecution by information or indictment	1	25
Rights of accused	1	22
Trial by jury, right of	1	21

Office
Acceptance of, under United States or foreign power vacates seat in legislature, exceptions	2	14
Bribery, a disqualification for	2	30
Disqualification of legislators for certain civil offices	2	13
Ineligibility for legislature of persons holding certain offices	2	14
Judge, open to whom	4	15,17
Legislature may abolish certain offices	3	25
Religious qualification not to be required	1	11
Removal of judges, etc. by joint resolution of legislature	4	9
Removal of judges or justices by supreme court	4	31
Vacancy in, how filled	3	13

Officers
Abolition of certain state offices authorized	3	25
Accountability for fees and money collected	11	5
Compensation, change during term (See Compensation)
Corrupt solicitation of, prohibited	2	30
County officer ineligible for more than two terms (Repealed by Amendment 22)	11	7
County, township, precinct, and district election and compensation to be regulated by legislature	11	5
Election of
First, under Constitution	27	7
When no provision in Constitution	27	11
Extra compensation prohibited	2	25
Guilty of felony, when uses public money	11	14
Impeachment of	5	2
Legislative, each house to elect	2	10
Local, may be members of legislature	2	14
Militia
Appointment or election of	10	2
Without salary eligible to legislature	2	14
Passes, use or acceptance by, forbidden	2	39
Public moneys to be deposited with treasurer	11	15
Recall (See Recall of officers)	1	33
Removable by law, when not impeachable	5	3
Salary, change, during term (See Salaries)
Territorial and United States, how long to hold	27	6,14
Transportation passes
Issuance to, prohibited	12	20
Use of, prohibited	2	39
Trustees of state institutions, appointment	13	1
(See Appointment; County officers; District officers; Governor; Lieutenant governor; Precinct officers; Recall of officers; Salaries; State officers; Term of office)

Official acts
Validation by special laws prohibited	2	28(12)

Omissions
In laws, annual report by judges	4	25

Open space lands
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Opinions
Of supreme court, publication	4	21

Original jurisdiction
Superior court	4	6
Supreme court	4	4

Ownership of lands
Prohibited to aliens, except (Repealed by Amendment 42)	2	33

Pardoning power
Governor vested with, subject to restrictions	3	9
Report to legislature of pardons granted	3	11

Partnership (See Copartnerships)

Pass
Grant of, to public officers, prohibited	12	20
Use of, by public officers, prohibited	2	39

Passenger tariffs
Abuses and extortions to be prohibited	12	18
Regulation by legislature authorized	12	18

Penal institutions
State support	13	1

Penalties
Accrued to territory, inure to state	27	3
Incurred, not affected by change in government	27	5
Remission by special act prohibited	2	28(14)
Violation of provisions against monopolies	12	22

Penitentiary
Chaplain, right to employ	1	11

Pension funds, public
Investment of	29	1
Pension increase not extra compensation	2	25

People
Political power inherent in	1	1
Public lands held in trust for	16	1
Reservation of powers by	2	1
Right
Of petition and peaceful assemblage	1	4
To religious liberty	1	11
To security in home	1	7
Rights retained not affected by grants in
Constitution	1	30
Toleration of religious sentiment secured to	26	1

Permanent school fund
Investment of	9	3
	16	5
(See Common school fund; Common school construction fund; School fund)

Personal property
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Power of legislature to exempt from taxation, limitations	7	1
Rolling stock of railroad is	12	7

Persons
Convicted of infamous crimes, excluded from elective franchise	6	3
School funds not to be loaned to (Amended by Amendment 44)	16	5

Persons under disability
Sale or mortgage of property forbidden to be authorized by special law	2	28(4)

Petition
Right of, not to be abridged	1	4
(See Initiative and referendum; Recall of officers)

Police justice
Justice of peace may be made	4	10

Police power
Counties, cities, towns, townships may exercise	11	11

Political power
Inherent in people	1	1

Pooling
By common carriers prohibited (Repealed by Amendment 67)	2	4
(See Combinations)

Popular government (See Initiative and referendum)

Population
Classification of counties by	11	5

Port districts
Bonds, nonrecourse revenue for industrial development projects	32	1
Excepted from levy limitation	7	2
Promotional activities	8	8

Postmaster
Eligible to legislature, when	2	14

Powers
Executive, vested in governor	3	2
Initiative and referendum (See Initiative and referendum)
Judicial, where vested	4	1
Legislative
During emergency periods caused by enemy attack	2	42
Where vested	2	1
Pardoning, where vested	3	9

Precinct officers
Election, duties, terms, and compensation to be provided for by legislature	11	5
Official bonds unaffected by change in government	27	14
Territorial, hold office until when	27	14
Vacancies, how filled	11	6

President of senate
Lieutenant governor shall be	3	16
Temporary presiding officer, when chosen	2	10

Press
Liberty of, secured	1	5

Prices
Combination to fix, prohibited	12	22

Private affairs
Disturbance of, prohibited	1	7

Private corporations (See Corporations)

Private legislation
Prohibited in enumerated cases	2	28

Private property
Not to be taken for public debts	11	13
Taking for public or private use	1	16
(See Eminent domain)

Privilege
Irrevocable grant of, prohibited	1	8
Legislative members not subject to arrest or civil process, when	2	16
Militia not to be arrested, when	10	5
Voters privileged from arrest at election, except	6	5

Privileges
Equal to all citizens and corporations	1	12
Hereditary, grant of, by state prohibited	1	28
Special, prohibited	1	12

Probate courts
Transfer from territorial to superior court	27	10

Probate matters
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Transfer of jurisdiction from territorial probate court	27	10

Process
Authority of superior court extends throughout state	4	6
Legislators privileged from, when	2	16
State courts may have served on lands of United States	25	1
Style of	4	27
Territorial to be valid	27	1

Proclamation of president
State Constitution to go into effect upon	27	16

Prohibition
Appellate and revisory jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Sale of liquors, separate article (rejected)	27	17
Writs of, may be issued and served on nonjudicial days	4	6

Property
Corporate, subject to eminent domain	12	10
Deprivation without due process of law prohibited	1	3
Private, not to be taken to pay public debts	11	13
Taking for private use prohibited, exceptions	1	16
Territorial, to vest in state	27	4
(See Personal property; Taxation)

Prosecuting attorney
Election, duties, term, compensation, legislature to provide for	11	5
Removal from office by legislature	4	9

Prosecutions
Commenced before statehood, how conducted	27	5
Conducted in name of state	4	27
May be by information or indictment	1	25
Unaffected by change in government	27	5
(See Criminal actions)

Protection
Life, liberty and property entitled to	1	3
Persons engaged in dangerous employments, provisions for	2	35
Public arms, provision for safekeeping	10	4

Public arms
Protection and safekeeping to be provided	10	4

Publication
Amendments proposed to Constitution	23	1
Liberty of, guaranteed	1	5
Of measures referred to the people	2	1(e)
Opinions of supreme court	4	21
Receipts and expenditures of public money	7	7

Public corporations (See Municipal corporations)

Public debts
Private property not to be taken in payment of	11	13

Public employment
Religious qualification not to be required	1	11

Public funds
Legislature to provide for accounting	11	5
Private use of by officers felonious	11	14
(See Appropriations; Investments; Industrial insurance trust fund; Public pension funds; School funds)

Public health
Exception from power of referendum of bills affecting	2	1(b)
Laws regulating deleterious occupations to be passed	2	35
State board of, shall be created	20	1

Public indebtedness
Municipal, limit of	8	6
State building authority	8	9
State, limit of	8	1
Exceptions to	8	2,3
Territorial, assumed by state	26	3
(See City; County indebtedness; State indebtedness; Towns and villages)

Public institutions
Exception from power of referendum of bills affecting	2	l(b)
State support	13	1

Public lands
Disclaimer by state of title to unappropriated	26	2
Granted to state held in trust for people	16	1
Sale only for full market value	16	1
Unappropriated to be subject to control of United States	26	2
(See Commissioner of public lands; Granted lands; Lands; School lands)

Public money
Accountability of public officers	11	5
Appropriation for religious worship prohibited	1	11
Deposit with treasurer required	11	15
Energy, water, or stormwater or sewer services loans for conservation	8	10
Statement of receipts and expenditures to be published annually	7	7
Using or making a profit out of, a felony	11	14
(See Money)

Public office
Religious qualification not to be required	1	11

Public officer
Change of compensation during term (See Compensation)
Religious qualifications, prohibition against	1	11
(See Officers)

Public pension funds
Investment of	29	1
Pension increase not extra compensation	2	25

Public property
Not to be applied to religious worship	1	11

Public safety
Exception from power of referendum of bills affecting	2	1(b)
Ground for suspension of habeas corpus	1	13

Public schools
Establishment and maintenance guaranteed	26	4
Free from sectarian control	9	4
	26	4
Open to all children of state	9	1
	26	4
Superintendent of public instruction to have supervision	3	22
System to be established by state	9	2
Including what	9	2
(See Common schools; Education; High schools; Normal schools; Technical schools)

Public use
Of state waters	21	1
Taking of private property for	1	16
(See Eminent domain)

Public utility districts
Excepted from levy limitation	7	2

Punishment
Bribery and corrupt solicitation, how punished	2	30
Cruel, not to be inflicted	1	14

Qualifications
Judges of supreme and superior courts	4	17
Members of legislature	2	7
Each house to be judge of	2	8
Religious, not to be required for public office	1	11
State officers	3	25
Voters, of (See Voter)

Quo warranto
Appellate and original jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Quorum
Legislature
Majority of each house to constitute	2	8
Less number may adjourn and compel attendance	2	8
Supreme court, majority of judges necessary	4	2

Race
Discrimination in education on account of, prohibited	9	1

Railroad and transportation commission
May be established by legislature	12	18

Railroad companies
Charges to any point not to exceed those to more distant station	12	15
Combinations to regulate production or transportation of commodities prohibited	12	22
Sharing earnings forbidden (Repealed by Amendment 67)	12	14
Commission to control may be established	12	18
Common carriers, subject to legislative control	12	13
Connection at state line with foreign railroads authorized	12	13
Consolidation with competing lines prohibited	12	16
Delay in receipt and transportation of connecting cars forbidden	12	13
Discrimination
Between telegraph companies forbidden	12	19
In charges between persons and places prohibited	12	15
Excursion and commutation tickets may be granted	12	15
Express companies to be allowed equal terms	12	21
Extortion and discrimination in rates to be prevented	12	18
Grant of passes to public officers forbidden	12	20
Intersecting, crossing or connecting with other railroads authorized	12	13
Maximum rates of fare and freight may be established by law	12	18
Passes
Acceptance and use by public officers unlawful	2	39
Issuance of, prohibited	12	20
Rolling stock subject to taxation and execution sale	12	17
Telegraph and telephone companies to be allowed to use right-of-way	12	19
Transfer of cars, when shall form connections for	12	13
(See Common carriers)

Railway cars
Jurisdiction of public offense committed on	1	22

Ratification
Constitutional amendments	23	1
Revision of Constitution	23	3

Real property
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6
Retired persons tax exemption	7	10
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Rebellion or invasion
Suspension of writ of habeas corpus	1	13
(See also Invasion and attack)

Recall of officers
Grounds for	1	33
Legislature, duty to pass necessary laws to carry out recall provisions	1	34
Officers subject to	1	33
Percent of voters required for	1	34
Petition for, content and filing requirements	1	33
Special election on petition for	1	33

Receipts and expenditures
Account of, to be published	7	7

Reclamation
Taking property for is public use	1	16

Recognizances
Territorial inure to state	27	4
Valid and unaffected by change in government	27	4

Records
Continuity of government in emergency periods due to enemy attack	2	42
Of legislature and executive department, secretary of state to keep	3	17
Of state officers to be kept at capital	3	24
Of territorial courts, transferred to superior courts	27	8

Redistricting
Commission	2	43
Legislature's approval	2	43
Plan	2	43

Referendum (See Initiative and referendum)

Reforestation
Yield tax or au valorem tax authorized	7	1

Regents
Appointment for state institutions	13	1

Registration law
Compliance with by elector necessary	6	7
Enactment by legislature required, when	6	7
Power of legislature to provide for punishment for illegal registration (Amended by Amendment 63)	6	1

Release of debt or obligation
Special legislation prohibited	2	28(10)

Religion
Appropriations of public funds for religious purposes prohibited	1	11
Chaplain of state penitentiary, right to employ	1	11
Freedom of conscience guaranteed	1	11
Juror not incompetent because of	1	11
No person to be molested on account of	1	11
	26	1
Public office, religious qualification prohibited	1	11
Toleration in, secured	26	1
Witness not incompetent because of	1	11

Removal from office
Commission on judicial conduct, recommendations	4	31
Impeachment	5	1
Joint resolution of legislature for removal	4	9
Judges and justices, by supreme court	4	31
Officers liable to impeachment	5	2
Officers not liable to impeachment, how removed	5	3
Of governor, who to act	3	10
(See Recall of officers)

Reporter of supreme court	4	18

Reports
Decisions of supreme court	4	21
Defects and omissions in the laws	4	25

Representative districts
Apportionment among counties	22	2
Vacancies, how filled	2	15

Representatives
Apportionment among counties	22	2
Compensation and mileage	2	23
	28	1
Election of	2	4,5
Number of	2	2
Privilege
From arrest, except	2	16
From civil process, when	2	16
Qualifications of	2	7
Reapportionment after each census	2	43
Term of office	2	4,5
Vacancy in office, how filled	2	15
(See House of representatives; Recall of officers)

Reprieves
Report of, by governor to legislature	3	11

Residence
Not affected by certain absences, for purposes of voting and eligibility to office	6	4
Qualifications for voters	6	1,1A
Retired persons tax exemption for	7	10
State officers, where	3	24

Residential energy conservation
Loan of credit	8	10

Retirement
Funds, investment of	29	1
Judges of supreme, superior courts	4	3(a)
Public officers, increase in pension not extra compensation	2	25
Retired persons tax exemption	7	0

Revenue and taxation
Corporate property subject same as individual (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	3
Exemptions from taxation (See Taxation)
Retired persons property tax exemption	7	10
Uniform and equal rate required	7	1
(See Taxation)

Review, writ of
Appellate and revisory jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Revision of Constitution
Convention for	23	2

Right of petition
Not to be abridged	1	4

Right-of-way
Appropriation of property for	1	16
(See Eminent domain)

Right to assemble
Not to be abridged	1	4

Right to bear arms
Not to be impaired	1	24
Restriction on employment of armed men by private persons	1	24

Rights
Declaration of	1	1-2
Enumerated, not to affect others retained	1	30
Not affected by change in government	27	1
Reservation of rights in people (See Initiative and referendum)

Road district
Vacancy in office, how filled	11	6

Roads (See Highways; State roads; Streets and roads)

Rolling stock
Personal property, subject to taxation and execution sale	12	17

Rules of court
Assignment of business of superior court under	4	5
Court of appeals, governing	4	30
Judges of superior courts to establish	4	24

Rules of proceedings
Each house to determine	2	9

Salaries
Change in, during term of public officer (Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	2	25
	3	25
	4	13
	11	8
	28	1
(Amendment 54)	30	1
Clerk of supreme court	4	22
County, township, precinct, and district officers	11	5,8
Establishment	28	1
Independent commission to set	28	1
Judges of supreme and superior courts (partially superseded by Amendment 78)	4	13,14
Justice of peace in certain cities	4	10
Referendum by people when changed	28	1
Reporter of supreme court	4	18
State officers (Amendment 20) (Amendment 78)	28	1
Attorney general (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	21
Auditor (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	20
Commissioner of public lands	3	23
Governor (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	14
Legislature, members of (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	2	23
Lieutenant governor (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	16
Secretary of state (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	17
Superintendent of public instruction (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	22
Treasurer (Partially superseded by Amendment 78)	3	19

Sanitary regulations
County, city, and town may enforce	11	11

School district
Exemption of property from taxation	7	1
Indebtedness, limitations on	8	6

School elections
Women may be permitted to vote (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2

School fund
Applied exclusively to common schools	9	2
Apportionment by special act forbidden	2	28(7)
Bonds, investment in (Amendment 1)
Enlargement of	9	3
Interest to be applied to current expenses	9	3
Investment	16	5
Loans to private persons or corporations forbidden (Amended by Amendment 44)	16	5
Losses from, assumed by state	9	5
Sources from which derived	9	3
(See Common school construction fund; Common school fund; Permanent school fund)

School lands
Sale, manner of	16	2-4

Schools
Maintained by public funds to be free from sectarian control	9	4
Public school system, what included in	9	2
(See Common schools; Education; High schools; Normal schools; Public schools)

Seal
Commissions to be sealed	3	15
Of state, design of	18	1
Custodian, secretary of state to be	3	18
Of superior courts, design of	27	9
Of territorial court, county and municipal officers, to be seals under state	27	8,9

Seat of government
Continuity of government in emergency periods due to enemy attack	2	42
Documents, storage	3	24
Election for, under territorial law	27	15
Form of ballot	27	18
Location, how determined	14	1
Officers residence	3	24
Permanent location, how changed	14	2
Provision for determination if no choice at first election	14	1
Temporary, to be located where	14	1

Secrecy
In legislative proceedings	2	11
Of ballot, to be secured at elections	6	6

Secretary of state
Attests commissions issued by state	3	15
Bureau of statistics, etc., to be established in office of	2	34
Delivery of election returns for executive officers	3	4
Duties	3	17
Election of	3	1
Initiative measures, filing petitions	2	1(a)
Records to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Referendum petition filed with	2	1(d)
Residence to be maintained at seat of government	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Seal of state to be kept by	3	18
Submitting measures to the people pending enactment of specific legislation respecting initiative and referendum	2	1(d)
Succession to office of governor	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Sectarian control
Public schools to be free from	9	4
	26	4

Security
Of individual rights, what is essential	1	32
Of person in private affairs and home	1	7

Senate
Consent to certain appointments by governor	13	1
Impeachments tried by	5	1
Conviction requires two-thirds vote	5	1
Legislative authority vested in	2	1
Number of senators	2	2
Presiding officer in absence of lieutenant governor	2	10
Quorum, majority to constitute	2	8
Redistricting	2	43
(See Legislature; Senators)

Senatorial districts
Apportionment among counties	22	1
Convenient and contiguous territory required	2	6
Numbering to be consecutive	2	6
Representative districts not to be divided	2	6
Vacancy in office, how filled	2	15

Senators
Allotment of	2	6
Apportionment	22	1
Compensation and mileage	2	23
	28	1
Elections	2	6
Impeachments tried by	5	1
Number	2	2
Privilege
From arrest, except	2	16
From civil process, when	2	16
Qualifications	2	7
Redistricting	2	43
Recall	1	33,34
Term of office	2	6
Vacancy in office, how filled	2	15

Separate articles
Submission for adoption or rejection	27	17
Form of ballot	27	18
Prohibition (rejected)	27	17
Woman suffrage (rejected)	27	17

Sessions, legislative
Duration	2	12
Must be open, exceptions	2	11
Regular	2	12
Special	2	12
Vetoed bills, extraordinary session to reconsider	3	12

Settlement of land
Taking of property for is public use	1	16

Sewers
City or town may contract debt for, limitations	8	6

Sex
Denial of franchise on account of, legislature may provide against in school elections (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Discrimination in education on account of, prohibited	9	1
Equal rights	31	1,2
Sex qualifications for voting abolished (Amendment 63)	6	1

Sheriffs
Election, duties, terms, etc., to be provided for by legislature	11	5

Shores and beds of navigable waters
Assertion of state ownership	17	1
Disclaimer by state where patented, exception	17	2

Soldiers
Nonresident, excluded from enumeration of state inhabitants	2	43
Quartering in private house forbidden, exceptions	1	31

Soldiers' home
Admission granted to certain state militiamen, Union soldiers, sailors, and marines	10	3
Maintenance by state to be provided for	10	3

Special election
Recall of public officers, election on petition for	1	33,34
Reference of measures to people at	2	1(d)

Special legislation
Prohibited in enumerated cases	2	28

Special privileges
Grant of, prohibited	1	12
Invalid, when	12	2

Special taxation
For local improvements authorized	7	9

Speech
Liberty of, guaranteed	1	5

Speedy trial
Right of accused	1	22

Standing army
Not to be kept in time of peace	1	31

State
Boundaries	24	1
Building authority	8	9
Cession to United States of exclusive legislation over certain lands	25	1
Reservation of right to serve process	25	1
Compact with United States	26	1-4
Congressional districts, division into (Repealed by Amendment 74)	27	13
Continuity of government in emergency periods due to enemy attack	2	42
Convict labor not to be let out by contract	2	29
Corporations, ownership of stock in or loaning credit to, prohibited	12	9
Credit not to be loaned	8	5
	12	9
Criminal prosecutions continued in name of state on change of government	27	5
Debts, fines, penalties, and forfeitures, accrued to territory inure to state	27	3
Debts
Limitation on power	8	1-3
Money raised, how applied	8	1
Power to contract	8	1-3
Disclaimer of title to federal and Indian lands	26	2
Division into senatorial and representative districts	22	1-2
Education, duty to provide for all children	9	1
Harbors, restriction on sale of lands or rights in	15	1
Indian lands, when taxable	26	2
Lands granted to, held in trust for people	16	1
Ownership of beds and shores of navigable waters asserted	17	1
Public schools, assumption of duty of establishing	26	4
State institutions to be supported	13	1
Suits against the state	2	26
Taxation, state property exempt from	7	1
Territory
Debts and liabilities of, assumption by	26	3
Property of, passes to state	27	4
Timber and stone on state lands, sale of	16	3
Title in lands patented by United States disclaimed by	17	2
Validation by special law of void official acts against the state not prohibited	2	28(12)

State auditor (See Auditor)

State board of health
Legislature to establish	20	1

State building authority
Authorized	8	9

State capital
Location, how made	14	1
Change of, method	14	2
(See Seat of government)

State courts
Jurisdiction of actions in territorial courts to be assumed by	27	5,8,10

State indebtedness
Annual expenses and state debt to be met by taxation (Amended by Amendment 14)	7	1
Limit of aggregate debt	8	1
Increase allowed to repel invasion	8	2
Also for single work or object, after submission to vote	8	3
Losses in permanent school fund assumed as state debt	9	5
State building authority	8	9
State may contract debts to meet	8	1

State institutions
Chaplains	1	11
Officers appointed by governor, with advice of senate	13	1
Support by state required	13	1

State land commissioner (See Commissioner of public lands)

State lands (See Lands; Public lands)

State militia (See Militia)

State officers
Abolition of certain offices, power granted legislature	3	25
Compensation, change during term (See Salaries)
Duties of, temporary succession to during emergency	2	42
Elections
Contested, legislature to decide	3	4
First under Constitution, how and when	27	7
Quadrennial	6	8
Ties to be settled by legislature	3	4
Time of	6	8
Governor may require information from	3	5
Impeachment, who liable to	5	2
Information to be furnished to governor in writing by	3	5
Passes, acceptance and use prohibited	12	20
	2	39
Qualifications	3	25
Records, to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Removal of those not subject to impeachment	5	3
Residence of certain, at state capital	3	24
Salaries (See Salaries)
Terms	3	3
(See Officers; Public officers)

State offices
Abolition of certain, permitted	3	25
Eligibility to	3	25

State reformatories
Chaplain, employment of	1	11

State roads
Opening by special law prohibited, except	2	28(2)

State school tax
Applied exclusively to common schools	9	2

State seal
Description and custody	3	18

State taxes (See Taxation)

State treasurer (See Treasurer)

Statement of receipts and expenditures
Annual publication required	7	7

Statistics
Bureau of, established	2	34

Statutes
Enacting clause, style of	2	18
When take effect (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
(See Acts; Bill; Laws)

Stockholders
Consent necessary to increase corporate stock	12	6
Joinder as parties defendant in actions against corporation	12	4
Liability for corporate debts	12	4
In banking, insurance and joint stock companies	12	11
(See Corporations; Stock of corporations)

Stock of corporations
Counties, cities, etc., not to own, except	8	7
Fictitious increase void	12	6
Increase allowed only under general law	12	6
With consent of majority of stockholders	12	6
Issued only to bona fide holders	12	6
(See Corporations; Stockholders)

Stone
Sale from state lands authorized	16	3

Streets and roads
Extension over tide lands permitted	15	3
Opening or altering under special laws prohibited, exceptions	2	28(2)
(See Highways)

Students
Absence does not affect right to vote	6	4

Subpoena
Accused in criminal action has right to compel attendance of witnesses	1	22

Suffrage
Denial on account of sex, legislature may provide against in school elections (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Exercise of right to be free, equal and undisturbed	1	19
Qualifications of voters (See Voter)

Suits against state
Legislature to direct	2	26

Superintendent of public instruction
Duties	3	22
Election of	3	1
Records to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Succession to office of governor	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Superior court
Actions, review of	4	30
Assignment of judges by supreme court	4	2(a)
Assignment of judges by governor	4	5
Clerk	4	26
Court commissioners, appointed	4	23
Court of record	4	11
Decisions of causes to be made within ninety days	4	20
Election and districts	4	5,29
First, contests to be determined how	27	12
Eligibility to	4	17
Equity jurisdiction	4	6
Grand jury summoned only on order of judge	1	26
Judges
Each, where more than one, invested with powers of all	4	5
Election of	4	5,29
Number and distribution	4	5
Pro tempore, when authorized	4	7
Retirement	4	3(a)
Sits in any county, when	4	7
Supreme court duty, performance upon request	4	2(a)
Term of office	4	5
Judicial power, vested in	4	1
Jurisdiction, original and appellate	4	6
Naturalization, power of	4	6
Open, except on nonjudicial days	4	6
Other court, perform duties in	4	2(a)
Probate courts, appellate jurisdiction over	27	10
Process extends to all parts of state	4	6
Report to supreme court defects in laws	4	25
Retirement of judges	4	3(a)
Review by court of appeals or supreme court	4	30
Rules of practice, shall establish	4	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Seal	27	9
Sessions and distribution of business	4	5
Territorial causes and records pass to	27	5,8
Vacancies, governor to fill	4	5
Writs, power to issue	4	6
(See Judges of superior court)

Supreme court
Assignment of superior court judges by	4	2(a)
Chief justice, how determined	4	3
Clerk to be appointed	4	22
Court of appeals, rules governing	4	30
Court of record	4	11
Decisions to be in writing and state grounds	4	2
Departments of court may be provided	4	2
Election of judges	4	3
Eligibility to office	4	17
Judges
Court to consist of five	4	2
Number may be increased	4	2
Retirement	4	3(a)
Salary (See Salaries)
Term of office	4	3
Judicial power vested in	4	1
Jurisdiction, original and appellate	4	4
Open except on nonjudicial days	4	2
Opinions to be published	4	21
Power to censure, remove, etc., judges and justices	4	31
Power to issue writs	4	4
Quorum, majority of judges to form and pronounce decisions	4	2
Report of defects in laws to be made to governor	4	25
Reporter to be appointed	4	18
Retirement of judges	4	3(a)
Review of superior court actions	4	30
Seal	27	9
Sessions to be held where	4	3
Temporary judicial duties in	4	2(a)
Territorial supreme court, when jurisdiction over causes passes to state court	27	8
Vacancies, how filled	4	3
(See Judges of supreme court)

Supreme court clerk	4	22

Supreme court reporter	4	18

Supreme law
Constitution of United States is	1	2

Surgery
Practice of, to be regulated by law	20	2

Swamp and overflowed lands
Disclaimer by state of title to patented	17	2

Taxation
Au valorem tax on mines and reforested lands	7	1
Agricultural lands, actual use	7	11
Assessment or collection by special laws prohibited	2	28(5)
Budget stabilization account	7	12
Cities, power, to assess and collect local taxes	11	12
Counties, power to assess and collect local	11	12
Deficiencies, state tax may be levied for	7	8
Exemptions allowed for certain property	7	1
Indian lands, when	26	2
Public property exemption	7	1
Real property, retired persons	7	10
United States lands, when	7	1
	26	2
Farms, actual use	7	11
Federal agencies and property may be taxed, when	7	3
Gasoline (certain) taxes limited to highway purposes only	2	40
Head of family exemption	7	1
Indian lands, patented, how taxed	26	2
Intangible property	7	1
Jurisdiction
Appellate, of supreme court	4	4
Original, of superior court	4	6
Law imposing tax must state object	7	5
Legislative power to provide for exemption	7	1
Levy only in pursuance of law	7	5
Proceeds applied only to object stated	7	5
Property subject to	7	1
Local, legislature no power to impose	11	12
Mines and mineral resources, yield tax or au valorem tax on	7	1
Municipal corporations
Authority to assess and collect taxes	7	9
Power to assess and collect local taxes	11	12
Nonresidents, lands of, how taxed	26	2
Open space lands, actual use	7	11
Power of taxation	7	1
Property subject to	7	1,2
Property tax limited to 1 per cent of true and fair value	7	2
Public purposes, taxation limited to	7	1
Real estate, uniformity of taxation of	7	1
Real property, retired persons exemption	7	10
Rolling stock of railroads subject to	12	17
Special assessments for local improvements	7	9
Standing timber, actual use	7	11
State purposes
Payable into treasury in money only	7	6
Taxes for, no commutation of county's proportionate share	11	9
Surrender of state's power to tax corporate property prohibited (Stricken by Amendment 14)	7	4
Taxable property, defined	7	1
Taxing district, defined	7	2
Timberlands, actual use	7	11
Towns, power to assess and collect local taxes	11	12
Uniformity required	7	1,9
Yield tax authorized for mines and reforested land	7	1
(See Revenue and taxation)

Technical schools
Included in public school system	9	2

Telegraph and telephone companies
Common carriers	12	19
Construction of lines authorized	12	19
Delay and discrimination in handling messages prohibited	12	19
Eminent domain, right extended to	12	19
Railroads to grant like facilities to all companies	12	19
Rights-of-way, railroads must allow use for construction of lines	12	19

Tenure of office
County officers ineligible for more than two terms in succession (Repealed by Amendment 22)	11	7
Extension of term not to be granted to county and local officers	11	8
In office at adoption of Constitution, how long to hold	27	14
State treasurer ineligible for succeeding term (Amended by Amendment 31)	3	25
(See Recall of officers; Term of office)

Term of office
Attorney general	3	3
Auditor of state	3	3
Commencement of term	3	4
Of first officers elected under Constitution	27	16
Commissioner of public lands	3	3
Compensation increase during term	30	1
County, district, precinct and township officers	11	5
Governor	3	2
Judges of supreme court	4	3
Of superior court	4	5
Lieutenant governor	3	3
Officers not provided for in Constitution, legislature to fix	27	11
Representatives	2	4,5
Secretary of state	3	3
Senators	2	6
Superintendent of public instruction	3	3
Treasurer of state	3	3
(See Recall of officers; Tenure of office)

Territory
Accrued debts, fines, etc., inure to state	27	3
Bonds and recognizances given to, pass to state	27	4
Courts of, continue until when	27	8
Causes transferred to state courts	27	5,8
Debts of, assumed by state	26	3
Existing counties to be subdivisions of state	11	1
Existing rights, suits, etc., change in form of government not to affect	27	1
Laws to remain in force, conditions	27	2
Except those granting tide lands	27	2
Liabilities, assumption of, by state	26	3
Officers to hold until superseded by state officers	27	6
Process to be valid	27	1
Property of, to vest in state	27	4

Testimony
Accused not required to testify against himself	1	9
Except in case of bribery or corrupt solicitation	2	30
Right of accused to testify	1	22
Treason, what necessary for conviction	1	27
Weight of, not affected by religious belief	1	11
(See Evidence)

Tide lands
Ownership by state asserted	17	1
Streets may be extended over, by municipal corporations	15	3
Title to lands patented disclaimed by state	17	2
Vested rights may be asserted in courts	17	1

Tide waters
Control and regulation within harbor areas	15	1-3

Timber
Sale from state lands authorized, how	16	3
Sale, proceeds to common school construction fund	9	3
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Timberlands
Reforestation lands, yield tax	7	1
Sale of, when valid	16	3
Taxation based on actual use	7	11

Time
Petition for initiative measures, time for filing	2	1(a)
Referendum petition, time for filing	2	1(d)

Title
Assertion by state in tide lands	17	1
Disclaimer by state to patented lands	17	2

Tolerance
Secured in matters of religious sentiment	26	1

Toll
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4
Original jurisdiction of superior court	4	6

Towns and villages
Amendment of charter by special act prohibited	2	28(8)
Bonds, nonrecourse revenue for industrial development projects	32	1
Corporate stock or bonds not to be owned by	8	7
Credit not to be loaned, except	8	7
Indebtedness, limitations on	8	6
Moneys to be deposited with treasurer	11	15
Use of, by official, a felony	11	14
Officers
Salaries of, change during term (Partially repealed by Amendment 54)	11	8
(Amendment 54)	30	1
Term not to be extended	11	8
Organization under general laws required	11	10
Police and sanitary regulations may be enforced	11	11
Taxation
Local, legislature not to impose	11	12
Power of	11	12
Special assessments for local improvements authorized	7	9
(See Municipal corporations; Municipal courts; Municipal fines)

Townships
County may adopt township form of organization by majority vote	11	4
Local affairs to be managed under general laws	11	4
Officers, election, duties, terms, compensation to be prescribed by legislature	11	5
Police and sanitary regulations, power to enforce	11	11
Term of office not to be extended	11	8
Vacancies in office, how filled	11	6
(See Towns and villages)

Trains
Jurisdiction of public offense committed on	1	22

Transportation companies
Commission to regulate may be established	12	18
Common carriers, subject to legislative control	12	13
Discrimination in charges prohibited	12	15
Excursion and commutation tickets may be issued	12	15
Legislature may regulate rates	12	18
Passes not to be granted public officers	12	20
Pooling earnings prohibited (Repealed by Amendment 67)	12	14
(See Railroad companies)

Treason
Acts constituting	1	27
Evidence necessary for conviction	1	27

Treasurer
Duties	3	19
Election of	3	1
Ineligibility for succeeding term (Amended by Amendment 31)	3	25
Records to be kept at seat of government	3	24
Residence must be at seat of government	3	24
Salary (See Salaries)
Succession to governorship	3	10
Term of office	3	3

Treasury
Moneys collected by municipal officers to be paid into	11	15
Paid out of state, when and how	8	4
State taxes to be paid into	7	6

Trial by jury
Criminal action, right of accused in	1	22
Number of jurors in courts not of record	1	21
Right of, remains inviolate	1	21
Waiver in civil cases	1	21
Verdict by less than twelve may be authorized in civil cases	1	21

Trustees
Appointment for state institutions	13	1

Trusts
Forfeiture of property and franchise may be declared for	12	22
Prohibited under penalty	12	22

Twice in jeopardy
Not to be subjected to for same offense	1	9

Uniformity
In system of county government to be provided for	11	4
In taxation, required	7	1,9

United States
Compact of state with	26	1-4
Consent of, necessary for disposing of certain lands	16	1
Constitution is supreme law of land	1	2
Exclusive jurisdiction over certain lands	25	1
Officers for territory hold until superseded by state	27	6
Office under, acceptance vacates seat in legislature	2	14
President, qualifications to vote for	6	1A
Taxation of agencies and property permitted, when	7	3
Taxation of lands of, not to be imposed	26	2
Title to unappropriated lands remains in	26	2
(See Congress; Federal officers; Forts; Dockyards, etc; Indian lands)

Vacancies in office
Township, precinct and road district filled by county commissioners	11	6
Continuity of government in periods of emergency due to enemy attack	2	42
County partisan elective offices	2	15
Governor	3	10
Judges of supreme and superior courts	4	3,5
Legislature	2	15
Partisan county elective office	2	15
State, filled by governor until next election	3	13

Validating acts
Relating to deeds, etc., by special laws, prohibited	2	28(9)

Validity of statute
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court	4	4

Verdict
Number of jurors may be less than twelve in civil cases	1	21

Vested rights
In tide lands, protected	17	1

Veto
Governor's power of	3	12
Measures initiated by or referred to the people	2	1(d)
Passage over	3	12

Victims of crimes
Rights	1	35

Village (See Towns and villages)

Vital statistics
Bureau of, to be created	20	1

Vote
By ballot on all elections	6	6
First election to be under territorial law	27	15
Legislative elections to be viva voce	2	27
Legislature to provide method	6	6
Persons not entitled to	6	3
President, for	6	1A
Registration a prerequisite, when	6	7
School elections, women may be given right (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Superior court judge, for	4	29
Temporary residence of certain persons not to affect right	6	4
(See Elections; Electors; Initiative and referendum; Voter)

Voter
Absence for certain reasons not to affect rights as	6	4
Age	6	1
Basis for ascertaining number of voters required on referendum petition	2	1(d)
Citizenship qualification	6	1
Exempt from military duty on election day, except	6	5
Females as qualified (Amendment 5)
Incompetent persons, disqualification	6	3
Majority vote required for approval of measures submitted to popular vote	2	1(d)
Percentage of voters required on referendum petition	2	1(a)
Percentage of voters required to propose initiative measures	2	1(a)
Presidential elections, qualifications	6	1A
Privilege from arrest at election, except	6	5
Qualifications	6	1
Recall of public officer, percentage of voters required for	1	33,34
Registration	6	7
Residence qualification	6	1
(See Elective franchise; Electors; Initiative and referendum)

Voter's pamphlet
Distribution	2	1(e)

Waiver
Of jury trial for ascertaining compensation for eminent domain	1	16

Water and water rights
Appropriation for irrigation, etc., declared a public use	21	1
Loaning of credit for water, energy, or stormwater or sewer services conservation	8	10
Municipal corporations, indebtedness for, limitations	8	6
Restrictions on sale by state	15	1

Ways of necessity
Taking of private property for	1	16
(See Eminent domain)

Wharves
Harbor areas to be leased for, limitations	15	2
(See Area reserved; Harbors; Navigable waters)

Wills
Validation by special law prohibited	2	28(9)

Witness
Accused as having right to confront	1	22
Crimination of self in bribery cases compulsory	2	30
Not compelled to testify against himself	1	9
Number necessary for conviction in treason	1	27
Religious belief not ground of incompetency	1	11
(See Testimony)

Woman suffrage
Adoption of (Amendment 5)
Denial in school elections may be provided against (Stricken by Amendment 5)	6	2
Separate article submitted (rejected)	27	17

Women
Equal rights	31	1,2

Worship
Freedom guaranteed	1	11

Writs
Issuance and service on nonjudicial days	4	6
Issuance by supreme court	4	4
Issuance by superior court	4	6
(See Habeas corpus)

Yeas and nays
Allowing introduction of bills within ten days of adjournment	2	36
Entered on journal upon demand of members	2	21
Taken on final passage of bills	2	22
On passage of emergency clauses (Stricken by Amendment 7)	2	31
(See Ayes and noes)